Gender Stratification

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Chapter 11

• Gender Stratification

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Sex and Gender

• SexThe physical and biological differences
  between men and women. 
• GenderThe social, psychological, and cultural
  attributes of masculinity and femininity that are
  based on the previous biological distinctions.

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Sex and gender differences

• How can biological differences be observed

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Gender and Disease
Heart Attack Men are more likely to suffer heart attacks. More women than men die each year from heart disease.
Cancer Cancers are the 2nd leading cause of death for women. Women smokers are 20 to 70 more likely than men to develop lung cancer.
HIV/AIDS Women are ten times more likely then men to contract HIV during unprotected sex with an infected partner.
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Gender and Disease
Cardiovascular Disease 1 in 9 women ages 4564 has some cardiovascular disease, rising to 1 in 3 at age 65 and older.
Diabetes and Other Chronic Illnesses Diabetes is a cause of increased mortality among minority women, especially among middle-aged and older American Indian/Alaska Native, Hispanic, and African-American women.
Osteoporosis 80 of people with osteoporosis are women more than half of women over 65 are afflicted with it.
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Gender and Disease
Immunologic Diseases Autoimmune thyroid diseases have a 151 ratio of women to men. Rheumatoid arthritis has a 31 ratio of women to men.
Mental Disorders Women are twice as likely as men to be depressed and 2 to 3 times more prone to anxiety disorders.
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Gender and Disease
Alzheimers Disease The incidence is higher among women, and it increases dramatically after age 85.
Visual and Hearing Impairments Men have nearly a 50 greater likelihood of experiencing these problems.
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Question

• How comfortable are you with the gender roles our
  society defines as appropriate for males and
  females?
• Very comfortable
• Somewhat comfortable
• Unsure
• Somewhat uncomfortable
• Very uncomfortable

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Gender differences

• What about gender Roles?
• Clothes?
• Activities?
• Professions?
• How about toys?

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The Functionalist Viewpoint

• Functionalists argue that it was useful to have
  men and women fulfill different roles in
  Preindustrial societies.
• Because women spent their time near the home,
  they prepared food, cleaned, etc.
• To the male fell the duties of hunting, defending
  the family, and herding.

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The Conflict Theory Viewpoint

• According to conflict theory, males dominate
  females because of their power and control over
  key resources.
• By subordinating women, men gain greater
  economic, political, and social power.
• Conflict theorists believe the main source of
  gender inequality is the economic inequality
  between men and women.

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Maines and Hardesty Mens Linear, Temporal World

• When men project what the future might hold for
  them, they define it in terms of career
  accomplishments.
• Men dont view a family as much of an issue in
  terms of pursuing career goals.
• Men see little problem in coordinating career and
  family demands.
• Many expect to have a traditional division of
  labor in their families, which will support their
  career pursuit.

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Maines and Hardesty Womens Contingent, Temporal
World

• Work, education, and family all are seen as
  having to be balanced against one another.
• Careers are seen as pursuits that may have to be
  suspended or halted at certain points.
• The vast majority of women envision problems in
  their careers and see family responsibilities as
  a major issue.
• Instead of having a clear vision of the steps to
  accomplish career goals, women are more tentative
  about their future.

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Gender and social values

• Do we treat women differently in advertising?
• Watch Killing us Softly. Differential treatment
  of males and females in advertisement.
• http//video.google.com/videoplay?docid-199336850
  2337678412

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Question

• In comparison to working men, working women
• consistently earn less.
• are less likely to be in unions.
• are more likely to occupy low-paying jobs.
• all of these choices are correct.

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Answer D

• In comparison to working men, working women
  consistently earn less, are less likely to be in
  unions, and are more likely to occupy low-paying
  jobs.

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Job Discrimination

• In 2004, more than 59 of all American women were
  part of the paid labor force.
• The median income for men in 2004 was 60,093,
  and for women it was, 42,307.
• Male managers and professionals earned 53,976 in
  2001, compared with 38,064 for females.
• Male technical sales workers earned 34,684,
  while females earned 24,596.

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Professions That Are Disproportionately Male and
Female
Disproportionately Male Male Disproportionately Female Female
Automobile Mechanics 98.9 Secretaries 98.9
Carpenters 98.3 Dental Hygienists 98.5
Airplane Pilots 96.3 Receptionists 96.7
Truck Drivers 95.3 Speech Therapists 93.5
Firefighters 96.2 Bank Tellers 90.0
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Professions That Are Disproportionately Male and
Female
Disproportionately Male Male Disproportionately Female Female
Mechanical Engineers 93.7 Dietitians 89.9
Forestry and Logging 91.6 Librarians 85.2
Police Detectives 87.9 Elementary Teachers 83.3
Architects 76.5 Health Aides 82.6
Programmers 73.5 Special Education Teachers 82.6