Kingdom: Fungi

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Kingdom Fungi
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A Mushroom walks into a bar and the bartender
says, We don't serve your kind here! and the
mushroom says, Why? I'm a Fungi!

• Mycology
• Myco- fungus
• -ology study of

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General Characteristics of Fungi

• Eukaryotic
• Decomposers the best recyclers around
• No chlorophyll non photosynthetic
• Most multicellular (hyphae) some unicellular
  (yeast)
• Non-motile
• Cell walls made of chitin (kite-in) instead of
  cellulose like that of a plant
• Are more related to animals than plant kingdom
• Lack true roots, leaves and stems
• Absorptive heterotrophs -Digest food externally
  and then absorb it

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Lack of chlorophyll affects the lifestyle of
fungi

• Not dependant on light
• Can occupy dark habitats
• Can grow in any direction
• Can invade the interior of
• a substrate with
• absorptive filaments

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Structures

• Bread mold

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Hyphae

• Body of fungus made of tiny filaments or tubes
  called hyphae .
• Contain cytoplasm and nuclei (more than 1)
• Each hyphae is one continuous cell
• Cell wall made of chitin
• A tangled mess of hyphae is called mycelium
• Rhizoids are root-like parts of fungi that anchor
  them to the substrate (whatever they are bonding
  to)

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• Mycelium increase the surface area of the fungi
  to absorb more nutrients.

Figure 17.15B, C
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CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI

• Fungi can be classified into 5 groups
• Fungi evolved from an aquatic, flagellated
  ancestor

Figure 17.17A
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Chytrids
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Glomeromycetes (Mycorrhizae fungi)
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• Mycorrhizae are mutually beneficial associations
  of plant roots and fungi
• Common and may have enabled plants to colonize
  land
• Help create an extending network for the plant to
  absorb more nutrients and water

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Ascomycetes (Sac fungi)

• Truffles and yeast

Figure 17.17D
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Basidiomycetes (club fungi)

• Puff ball mushroom

Figure 17.17E
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Zygomycetes (zygote fungi)
Bread Mold
Figure 17.17B, C
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Fungus Reproduction

• Fungi produce spores in both asexual and sexual
  life cycles
• Mushrooms let out spores from their pores that
  are carried by the wind to meet other spores and
  become a new fungi
• Yeast are unicellular and divide into new fungal
  cells (mitosis)
• In some fungi, fusion of haploid hypha produces a
  heterokaryotic stage containing nuclei from two
  parents (fusion of cytoplasm)
• After the nuclei fuse, meiosis produces haploid
  spores (can grow in fungi and are the asexual
  part of the life cycle)

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General Fungi Reproduction Cycles

• Video clip of reproduction

Figure 17.16
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But fungal groups do differ in their life cycles
and reproductive structures
Figure 17.18A
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Reproduction in Basidiomycetes
Figure 17.18B
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Basidiomycota (typical mushroom)
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ASCOMYCOTA
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FUNGI NUTRITION

• Fungi absorb food after digesting it outside
  their bodies
• Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotes
• That digest their food externally and absorb the
  nutrients

Figure 17.15A
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FUNGI NUTRITION

• Fungi use digestive enzymes to break down their
  food then absorb the liquid. (acquire nutrients
  such as nitrogen)
• Examples
• trap nematodes (little worms who feed on fungi)
  and paralyze them with special juices then
  absorbs and digests the nitrogen out of them.

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3 Modes of Nutrition in Fungi

• Saprophytes
• Parasites
• Mutualists (symbionts)

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Saprophytes

• Use non-living organic material
• Important scavengers in ecosystems
• Important in recycling carbon, nitrogen and
  essential mineral nutrients

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Parasites

• Use organic material from living organisms,
  harming them in some way
• Range of hosts from single-celled diatoms to
  fungi, to plants to animals to humans

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Mutualists (symbionts)

• Fungi that have a mutually beneficial
  relationship with other living organisms
• Mycorrhizae beneficial relationship with fungi
  with plant root
• More than 90 of plants in nature have a
  mycorrhizal in roots (example Truffles-
  expensive delicacy!)
• Lichens associations of fungi with algae or
  cyanobacteria
• Food source for animals, breaking down rocks into
  soil

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Parasitic fungi harm plants and animals

• Parasitic fungi cause 80 of plant diseases
• Can kill plants and affect crops

Figure 17.19AC
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Many fungi are harmful to humans

• Can cause human diseases allergies, athletes
  foot, ringworm, yeast infection

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Ringworm

• A contagious fungal infection having
  characteristic red ring that can appear on an
  infected persons skin
• Can affect the scalp, the body (particularly the
  groin), the feet, and the nails
• Also called Tinea

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Benefits of Fungi

• Fungi also form mutualistic relationships with
  animals
• Some animals benefit from the digestive abilities
  of lichens

Figure 17.21
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Benefits of Fungi

• Lichens consist of fungi living mutually with
  photosynthetic organisms
• Lichens consist of algae or cyanobacteria
  (protists or bacteria) within a fungal network

Figure 17.20A, B
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Lichens

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Benefits of Fungi

• Fungi have enormous ecological, economic and
  practical uses
• Ecological fungi are essential decomposers
  mycorrhizae increase plant growth
• Economic/Practical antibiotics and food (making
  bleu cheese/ truffles and truffle hunting)

Figure 17.22A, B
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More Useful Fungi

• Yeasts baking and brewing beer
• Antibiotics penicillin cephalosporin
• Production of organic acids citric acid in Coke
• Steroids and medicines birth control pills

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• MAJOR PARTS OF A MUSHROOM
• Cap (Pileus) - The top part of the mushroom.
• Cup (Volva) - A cup-shaped structure at the base
  of the mushroom. The basal cup is the remnant of
  the button (the rounded, undeveloped mushroom
  before the fruiting body appears). Not all
  mushrooms have a cup.
• Gills (Lamellae) - A series of radially arranged
  (from the center) flat surfaces located on the
  underside of the cap. Spores are made in the
  gills.
• Mycelial threads - Root-like filaments that
  anchor the mushroom in the soil.
• Ring (Annulus) - A skirt-like ring of tissue
  circling the stem of mature mushrooms. Not all
  mushrooms have a ring.
• Scales - Rough patches of tissue on the surface
  of the cap
• Stem (Stape) - The main support of the mushroom
  it is topped by the cap. Not all mushrooms have a
  stem.

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Structure of a Basidiomycetes