Today

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Health

• Today
• 3 theories on health
• Societal Causes
• Preventable Death

Success builds character. Failure reveals it.
Dave Checketts, past owner of New York Nicks
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Extra Credit Options on Website

• All extra credit due May 29th/ 30th (1 week
  before finals)
• Must be typed and handed in, not e-mailed
• Study guide for final will be available 1 week
  prior to final
• (20 questions, not cumulative)

http//soc101.weebly.com/extra-credit.html
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What factors affect your health?

• Socioeconomic status (SES)
• Gender
• Race, Culture
• Lifestyle

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What sociocultural factors affect your health?

• Socioeconomic status (SES)
• less nutritious diets
• unhealthy, unsafe living conditions
• less routine physical exams
• stress (and ways to deal with it)
• dangerous jobs

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What sociocultural factors affect your health?

• 2) Gender
• Women in the U.S. live 5 years more than men
• Men less likely to seek medical attention
• Men-riskier behaviors, more dangerous jobs

Who do you think experiences more stress? Why?
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What sociocultural factors affect your health?

• 3) Race, Culture
• Lower quality care due to discrimination
• Genetic predispositions
• Cultural habits related to lifestyle
• Unhealthy neighborhoods

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What sociocultural factors affect your health?

• 4) Lifestyle
• Diet, amount of exercise, and smoking

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What sociocultural factors affect your health?

• 4) Lifestyle
• Activity level at work

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What sociocultural factors affect your health?

• 4) Lifestyle
• Activity level at work

adjustable
Standing work station
Treadmill work station
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• Many Americans sit at work 8 hours a day
• Continue to sit at home (TV, comp)
• 30 mins a day activity not enough

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• Make time to
• stand
• walk
• stretch
• exercise

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Top underlying factors leading to preventable
deaths in the U.S.

1. Tobacco
2. Poor diet and inadequate exercise
3. Alcohol
4. Bacteria and viruses (not including HIV)
5. Polluted workplaces and neighborhoods
6. Car accidents (not including drug/alcohol use
   related)
7. Guns
8. Sexual behavior
9. Illegal drugs

(Preventable death not caused by old age or
genetic disease)
Source Journal of American Medical Association,
Mokdad et al, 2004
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Extra Credit Opportunity

• In your group analyze the foods
• Circle the Healthy
• X the Not too healthy
• 7 minutes
• The team with the most correct answers wins

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What to eat more of to improve immunity, energy,
overall health?
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1. Berries
Most common fruits eaten by Americans oranges
and apples
Source USDA 2011
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2. Greens
Most common vegetables for Americans potatoes
corn
bok choy
collard greens
broccoli
kale
Source USDA 2011
cabbage
Brussel sprouts
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3. Onions
Americans eat 31 more packaged food than fresh
food
Source The International Food Information
Council Foundation 2012
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4. Beans
87 of American adults said taste was the 1
factor influencing their food choice
lentils
Source The International Food Information
Council Foundation 2012
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5. Raw nuts and seeds
52 of Americans say doing their income taxes is
easier than figuring out what food they should
eat
Source The International Food Information
Council Foundation 2012
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Health Belief Model Conditions for taking care
of your own health

1. Must believe your are risk
2. Must believe the problem is serious
3. Must believe prevention will change risk
   significantly
4. Must believe they can overcome financial,
   emotional, or physical barriers

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Views on Health Symbolic Interactionist
Structural Functionalist Conflict Theory
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Functionalist Perspective

• Dysfunction Those who are ill cannot perform
  their obligations

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Functionalist Perspective

• Functions
• a break from hectic schedules
• income for those who work in health industry

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Functionalist Perspective

• Ideal health care system provides people with the
  services they need- no more, no less
• Too much health care unnecessary surgeries, over
  use of pharmaceuticals
• Too little health care no insurance, or coverage
  denied

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The Conflict Perspective

• Health resources are scarce, groups must compete

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The Conflict Perspective

• What resources do you need access to in order to
  be healthy?

food
shelter
water
medical expertise
safe working conditions
Wealthy have more access to health resources
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The Conflict Perspective

• Insurance companies have the money and power to
  protect their interests

Video Clip Linda Pino Testimony
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vzGKtROmiJL8
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Conflict and Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

• Medicalization defining or labeling behaviors
  and conditions as medical problems
• Male sexual dysfunction
• Obesity

Pharmaceutical companies can benefit from this
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Conflict and Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

• Medicalization changes how a condition is
  perceived and people are treated
• sex addiction
• alcoholism

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The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective

• We attach labels (some very negative) to various
  illnesses
• Ex AIDS, mental illness, physical disabilities
• May be treated differently

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The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
clinical depression
obsessive-compulsive disorder
schizophrenia
attention-deficit disorder
bipolar disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
anorexia
social anxiety disorder
post-partum depression
bulimia

• Stigma related to mental illness can be harmful

• Lack of understanding by others is stressful
• Fear of getting help
• Discrimination at work or school
• Bullying, physical violence, or harassment
• Health insurance may not cover needs

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Universal Health Care Availability
Have some form of universal health
care Attempting to implement universal health
care No universal health care
Source World Health Organization 2010
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View Sick Around The World
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College Students and Health

• alcohol abuse
• sleep deprivation
• fast food/poor nutrition
• drug abuse
• unprotected sex
• anxiety and depression
• stress
• eating disorders
• smoking
• lack of insurance
• lack of exercise

What do you think are important issues regarding
the health of college students? Most important
tips the article?
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Universal Health Care Availability
Have some form of universal health
care Attempting to implement universal health
care No universal health care
Source World Health Organization 2010
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Sick Around The World
How did each of these nations provide national
health care? England/United Kingdom/Great
Britain Japan Germany Taiwan Switzerland
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Which country?
Health Ministry controls costs of all procedures
and treatments a. England b. Japan c. Germany d.
Taiwan e. Switzerland
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Which country?
Citizens pay for health coverage based on
income a. England b. Japan c. Germany d.
Taiwan e. Switzerland
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Which country?
Had a system like ours, but changed to universal
health care? a. England b. Japan c. Germany d.
Taiwan e. Switzerland
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Which country?
National health service paid through taxes? a.
England b. Japan c. Germany d. Taiwan e.
Switzerland
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Which country?
Uses technology to control costs? a. England b.
Japan c. Germany d. Taiwan e. Switzerland
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Next Class
Economics Read Ch 13 p 325-326, 329-335
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What does society expect of us if we call in
sick?

• The Sick Role
• Dont punish people for being sick
• People around try to help (chicken soup)
• Sick person should try to get better - rest
• Follow doctors orders go to doctor, take
  medications

Critiqued because it does not always fit well,
depending on the illness
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Proposed Health Care Solutions

• National health insurance
• Compulsory, employer-financed health insurance
• HMOs and Managed Care
• PPOs
• New health care practitioners
• Self-care and changing life-styles
• Medicare and Medicaid
• Health Care Reforms

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Proposed Health Care Solutions

• National health insurance
• Government provides health coverage for all
  citizens through taxes

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Proposed Health Care Solutions

• Compulsory, employer-financed health insurance

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Proposed Health Care Solutions

• HMOs (Health maintenance organizations) and
  Managed Care
• Lower costs through groups
• Doctors must call a review office for approval
• Patients must
• get referral to see
• specialists

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Proposed Health Care Solutions

• PPOs (Preferred Provider Organization)
• employers purchase group insurance
• agree to send employees to certain providers
• patients can go
• directly to specialist

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Proposed Health Care Solutions

• New health care practitioners
• Nurse practitioners , physicians assistants,
  mid-wives
• routine exams, less complicated care

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Proposed Health Care Solutions

• Self-care and changing life-styles

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Proposed Health Care Solutions

• Medicaid and Medicare

provides health care coverage for the poor,
Reimburses the elderly and the disabled for their
health care.
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Proposed Health Care Solutions

• President Obamas Health Care Reform
• Pre-existing conditions can get covered
• All Americans must have insurance

Find out more http//www.whitehouse.gov/healthref
orm
View
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Which is the best solution?

• National health insurance
• Compulsory, employer-financed health insurance
• HMOs and Managed Care
• PPOs
• New health care practitioners
• Self-care and changing life-styles
• Medicare and Medicaid
• Health Care Reforms

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Extra Credit Documentaries about Health
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Using your sociological imaginationIndividual
vs. Sociological

• Any behavior

Sociological Perspective
Individual Perspective

Focus on the influence of society
Focus on a particular persons characteristics
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Looking at illness as a sociologist
Illness Emphysema
Individual factor Smoking
Social factor Glamorization of smoking in the
media
Move desks to create groups of 5
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Sociological Imagination Illness.
Names____________________________________________
__________________________________ Write down as
many individual causes of the illness you can
think of. Write down as many societal causes of
the illness you can think of.
Illness
Causes Sociolgoical Perspective
Causes Individual Perspective

• media
• corporations/companies
• education/schooling
• time, place
• culture, religion
• government (laws and policies)
• peers, family
• technology

• biology
• genetics
• personality
• personal characteristics

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Use your sociological imagination

• Childhood obesity At 8 years of age, Connor who
  lives in the U.S., weighs 218 pounds.

Sociological Perspective
Individual Perspective
Focus on personal characteristics
Focus on the influence of society
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Use your sociological imagination

• At 19 years of age, Adesola (male)who lives in
  Tanzania, is HIV positive.

Sociological Perspective
Individual Perspective
Focus on personal characteristics
Focus on the influence of society
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Use your sociological imagination

• At 21 years of age, Serena who lives in the U.S.
  has depression and severe anxiety attacks

Sociological Perspective
Individual Perspective
Focus on personal characteristics
Focus on the influence of society
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Use your sociological imagination

• At 40 years of age, Angel who lives in the U.S.
  has high blood pressure

Sociological Perspective
Individual Perspective
Focus on personal characteristics
Focus on the influence of society
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Use your sociological imagination

• At 30 years of age, Brandon who lives in the
  U.S. has type 2 diabetes

Sociological Perspective
Individual Perspective
Focus on personal characteristics
Focus on the influence of society
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• Which explanation of poverty applies best to
  todays economic crisis?

• a. Symbolic Interactionist A people get
  accustomed to living in poverty and therefore
  have difficulty changing the situation
• b. Symbolic Interactionist B people in poverty
  get labeled as lazy and lose out on opportunities
  due to the label
• c. Structural Functionalist poverty is a
  functional in society, it motivates people to
  seek higher rewards
• d. Conflict Theory The masses are exploited by
  the few who have money and power