Crimean War

1
Crimean War

• 1853-1856 This diplomatic war between Russia
  and Turkey grew to include the British and the
  French on Turkish side.
• Causes
• 1)       Struggle for control of the keys to holy
  sites within the Ottoman Empire and Jerusalem
  between Orthodox monks and Roman Catholic monks.
• 2) Control of the waterways between the
  Black Sea and the Mediterranean.

2
Innovations

• First use of armored battleships.
• First time appearance of journalism as driver of
  public opinion and tactical decisions.
• First time women served as army nurses

3
Results

• 1)       Austria Hungary becomes isolated in
  Europe
• 2)       Italy gains seat at Paris peace talks,
  begins to initiate unification
• 3)       Russian weakness becomes apparent to
  other European nations
• 4) Three Emperors League is eliminated
  leaving liberal republican movements can proceed
  unchecked.

4
Siege of Sebastopol

• 18 month siege of the Russian port in the Crimean
  Peninsula constituted the main battle of the
  Crimean War. Russians eventually surrendered in
  September 1855. The port had no military value as
  it held few Russian troops but it was attacked to
  help satisfy public opinion in Britain.

5
Camillo de Cavour

• Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, worked to
  unite Italy be joining the Crimean conflict in
  1855 to ensure a seat the Paris peace talks,
  conspiring with Napoleon III to evict the
  Austrians from Northern Italy, and engineering
  plebiscites that added Parma, Tuscany, Romagna,
  and Modena to a united Italy. Promoted separation
  of Church and state and built railroads,
  established free trade zones.

6
Battle of Solferino/Battle of Magenta

• Two key battles between France and Austria in
  Northern Italy and the largest battle in Europe
  since Leipzig in 1813, Solferino was instrumental
  in kicking the Austrians out of Italy and
  allowing the country to unify around the monarchy
  of Piedmont Sardinia. Solferino was one of the
  first modern battles using industrially produced
  weaponry against pre-industrial tactics.
  Consequently, over 40,000 men were killed or
  wounded in 9 hours. The results were so bloody
  that both sides agreed on new rules for combat
  and the treatment of wounded, these became the
  Geneva Conventions and the Red Cross was formed
  as a direct result.

7
Guiseppe Garibaldi

• Italian nationalist who led an army of 1000
  volunteers, known as Red Shirts, on an historic
  march to conquer Southern Italy. There they
  conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and
  turned it over to the King of Piedmont-Sardinia.
  As a result of Garibaldis campaigns, all of
  Italy with the exception of Rome and Venetia were
  united.

8
Guiseppe Mazzini

• Italian patriot who was a member of the secret
  society known as the carbonari and who formed the
  Young Italy movement in 1831. Mazzini was exiled
  by the Austrians because of his subversive and
  influential writings and he led two unsuccessful
  revolts in 1834 and 1848. His efforts laid the
  foundations for later efforts by Garibaldi and
  Cavour to unite Italy.

9
Otto von Bismarck

• German junker who was named prime minister of
  Prussia under Wilhelm I in 1862. Bismarck was a
  conservative Protestant intellectual who wanted
  to see Prussia ascend to the most powerful
  position among the German states. Bismarck was
  essential in manipulating economic, military, and
  diplomatic factors in favor of Prussia until the
  proclamation of Kaiser in 1871. Bismarck also
  embarked on a series of key internal reforms
  aimed at strengthening the power of the state and
  of the Kaiser.

10
Kaiser Wilhelm I

• King of Prussia who went on to be crowned Kaiser
  of a newly unified Germany after the humiliating
  defeat of the French in the Franco-Prussian war
  of 1871. Wilhelm was also part of the Three
  Emperors League that sought to ensure stability
  in Eastern Europe along with Russia and Austria.

11
Kaiser Wilhelm II

• Replacing Wilhelm I in 1888, Wilhelm II was a
  socialist who did not see eye to eye with
  Bismarcks conservative ideals. When their
  policies crossed over labour issues, Bismarck
  refused to sign Wilhelms reforms and was forced
  to resign.

12
Austro-Prussian War

• 1866 Also called the Seven Weeks War, the
  Austro-Prussian War was fought over domination
  over the German states and initiated over control
  of Schleiswig and Holstien. After Prussias swift
  victory, they were the unquestioned master of the
  German states and Austria continued its downfall
  losing Venetia to the Italians.

13
Austro-Danish WarSchleiswig-Holstien

• States straddling the border between Denmark and
  Germany. Became focus of Austro-Danish War of
  1862 when newly crowned king Christian X
  attempted constitutional reform in Denmark that
  included these two states under German control.
  After the Danish defeat, the two statesd were
  split between Austria and Prussia and became the
  inciting factor in the Austro-Prussian war of
  1866.

14
Ems TelegramFranco-Prussian War

• 1870-71 Last of the three wars of German
  unification in which Bismarck altered a telegram
  recounting the refusal of Wilhelm, the Prussian
  King, to withhold any future approval of a
  Hohenzollern to the newly vacated Spanish throne
  at the French Ambassadors request. The
  publication of the Ems telegram enflamed support
  for conflict on both sides and led to the
  declaration of war in July 1870. The Prussians
  soundly defeated the vastly superior French side
  and this was followed by the unification of all
  German states except Austria and the crowning of
  the King as Kaiser at Versailles in 1871.

15
Napoleon III

• Emperor of France from 1848 to 1870. Louis
  Napoleon was elected after the 1848 revolution
  overthrew Louis Philippe. Became emperor in 1852
  after a referendum voted to restore the empire.
  In 1859 he aided Cavour in the expulsion of the
  Austrians from Northern Italy. Was captured at
  the Battle of Sedan in September 1871 and was
  forced from the throne three days later.

16
Congress of Berlin 1878

• Convened by Bismarck after the Russo-Turkinsh War
  of 1877-78 to settle spheres of influence in the
  Balkans between the pan-Slavic Russians, the
  crumbling Ottoman Empire, the Austro-Hungarians,
  and the British. The independent state of
  Bulgaria was created to promote stability in the
  region and Germany remained neutral between
  Austria and Russia and maintained the Three
  Emperors League.

17
Red Shirts

• Garibaldis volunteer army that launched a
  military campaign throughout southern Italy into
  unification in 1860.

18
Zollverien

• German customs union formed in 1834 to eliminate
  trade barriers among Northern German states.
  Became an antagonistic factor leading to the
  outbreak of war in 1866 due to its exclusion of
  Austria.

19
North German Confederation

• Alliance of Northern German states into one
  federal unit that came into existence after the
  defeat of Austria by Prussia in 1866. This union
  became the basis for greater German unification
  in 1871.

20
Alsace Lorraine

• State bordering France and Germany that was ceded
  to Germany after the Franco-Prussian War of 1871
  and given back to France after WWI.

21
Risorgimento

• Italian term meaning Resurgence, which became the
  name of the nationalistic movement to unite Italy
  that began during the Napoleonic occupation. The
  movement would eventually lead to Italian
  unification in 1860.

22
Dardanelles

• Narrow strait that connects the Black Sea to the
  Mediterranean. This geopolitically vital waterway
  was coveted by the Russians as an outlet into the
  Mediterranean and controlled by the ailing
  Ottoman Empire. Control of the Dardanelles and
  the Bosphorus was an instigating factor in the
  Crimean War.

23
Dual Alliance

• 1879 agreement between Germany and
  Austria-Hungary to aid each other in case of an
  attack by Russia and to remain neutral in case of
  conflict with other Western European powers.
  Resulted from the break-up of the Three Emperors
  League after the deterioration of Russian-German
  relations during the Berlin Congress of 1878.

24
Three Emperors League

• The 1873 agreement between Kaiser Wilhelm I, Tsar
  Alexander II, and Emperor Franz-Joseph to
  maintain stability in Eastern Europe and counter
  Western Liberal influences in Europe.

25
Reinsurance Treaty

• An 1887 effort by Germany to ensure the continued
  isolation of France after the dissolution of the
  Three Emperors League in 1878. This guaranteed
  each other would remain neutral in the event of
  war with a third party.

26
Paris Commune

• The socialist government that was comprised of
  the local government authority in Paris after the
  French loss of the Franco-Prussian War of 1871.
  The Paris Commune refused to accept the defeat of
  the French and barricaded themselves in Paris
  defended by militia units known ad the National
  Guard. Bloodshed ensued as regular French
  government troops smashed the Commune and
  reestablished French governmental control.

27
Plombieres Meeting

• Secret meeting between Napoleon III and Camillo
  de Cavour in which the French military support
  for the Italian uprising in 1859 in Northern
  Italy was guaranteed in exchange for control of
  Nice and Savoy.

28
Triple Alliance

• Formed in 1882 when the Italians grafted
  themselves onto the Dual Alliance between Germany
  and Austria. Each member of the alliance
  promised support for the others in case of their
  being attacked by any other great power in
  Europe.