The Dilemmas of Development:

1
The Dilemmas of Development

• Local and National Governmental Interaction

2
The Return of Normalcy in Punjab

• The process was very slowmultiple talks such as
  the Rajiv Gandhi-longowal accords fail.
• Indian gov. only makes concrete gains once
  Congress is out of office.
• Negotiations concluded with moderate wing of the
  Akali Dal, a provisional amnesty extended to some
  militants
• Slowly normalcy returns to Punjab by late 1990s,
  but resentment towards gov. continues

3
(No Transcript)
4
Pakistani Punjab and ethnic tensions

• Two regions in Pakistan have dominated politics
  since the 1970s.
• The Muslim League in Punjab has benefitted from
  the gains made by large farmers due to GR.
• Extensive patronage in Punjab during the rule of
  Gen. Zia (1979-84), Nawaz Shariff (during 1990s),
  and Musharaff
• In Sind the opposition PPP commands a different
  ethnic and economic base.
• In 1980s to distinguish itself from PPPs
  platform of Islamic socialism Gen. Zia and some
  ML leaders promote a more fundamentalist version
  of Sunni Islam
• Continued effect of this era in Pakistani politics

5
(No Transcript)
6
Operation Flood and the White Revolution

• In Gujarat, industrialized dairy production
  encouraged by farmers cooperative
• Boosts middle-range incomes from use of European
  dairy breeds, feeds, hormone, and antibiotic
  treatment
• Huge upswing in Dairy production, but products
  largely directed to urban rather than rural
  markets
• Water issues and health concerns continue to be
  raised about this program, although it is
  generally considered more successful than the GR
  due to it greater effort to navigate issues of
  class

7
Issues to Consider for the future

• Growing population continues to be an important
  concern in both countriesland is already under
  heavy population pressure
• Water scarcity in both countries growing
• aging canals/dams have less capacity due to silt
  build up
• S. Indian rivers have less flow
• Growing drought concerns in Pakistan
• Ground water scarcity growing in both countries
• Even if food production can be sustained,
  affordability and access lead to food insecurity
  for poor
• Rising fuel costs a concern even for wealthy
  farmers

8
Regional tensions over projects

• Over-centralization in planning has resulted in
  increased political tensions over developmental
  projects, particularly those involving big dams
• The Tehri project in the new state of Uttranachal
  is one such example
• Tensions are particularly strong when it is
  perceived that the benefits of a project accrue
  to areas other than where the project will be
  built
• Protests over the regional impact of such
  projects have become particularly strong

9
Uttarakhand/Uttaranchal

• Prior to 1947 colonial territory of erstwhile
  kingdoms of Kumaon and Garhwal
• After 1947 merged with plains of new state of
  Uttar Pradesh
• By 1990s agitation for statehood begins to grow

10
Issues driving demands for statehood

• UP was most populous, but also poorest state in
  India
• Hill areas have very different needs, culture,
  and social structure from plains
• Centralized planning meant that most
  development in the hills provided benefits for
  those in the plains, not the hills
• Dams electricity and water for big cities
• Forestry contracts given to companies and
  contractors, not to smaller local businesses or
  cooperatives
• Little attention given to roads, schools,
  drinking water, small business creation, or job
  creation
• Migration patterns were having devastating impact
  on local families, due to lack of jobs

11
Organization of protests

• Protests coalesced around several issues
• Chipko protests of the 1970s are cited as an
  early form of local organization
• Students in local universities organize around
  issues of access to local resources and local
  representation in politics
• Several groups and political organizations
  mobilize around issues of statehood, local access
  to resources, local control over development.
  Most prominent Uttarakhand Kranti Dal
• 1994 incident at Muzaffarnagar creates a rallying
  cry for activists
• UP police fire on demonstration, activists
  injured, women raped
• Leads to highly public trials, landmark judgment
  by UP High Court against state government for
  restitution and CBI inquiry
• In the next few years allegations of a government
  cover-up and the setting aside of the original
  judgment harden political lines

12
Connections? ChipkoUttarakhand protests of 1990s
13
Creation of new state

• In 2000 the new state of Uttarakhand is created,
  later name changed to Uttaranchal
• Population of about 8.4 million (now closer to
  9m)
• State economy based on tourism, forestry, mining,
  small scale handicrafts, agriculture important
  for local economy
• New concerns about management of local resources
  and influx of large companies and real-estate
  developers
• Problematic patterns of out-migration for men
  continue

14
Ecological Profile
Snow line
Alpine scrub, bushes, alpine meadows
Tree line
Conifer forests
Broadleaf forests, now mainly farmed or used as
meadows
Teraidense forest, swampsnow cut for farming
Plains
15
Terrace farming (l) Tehri Dam (r)

• Related Issues
• Use of scarce agrarian land, compensation for
  land lost by peasants
• Run-off and ecological impacts of different types
  of human activity/scale
• Continued problems of landslides in seismically
  active areas
• Balance of development needs, local pressure

16
Changing Positions and Issues

• In Uttaranchal popular pressures on local
  government is for creating jobs, sustainable
  economies, and serving local needs
• Central government still holds many local
  resources and projects
• Roots of older political movements and their
  current manifestations are much more complex than
  most labels acknowledge
• For next class think why.