1492

1
Early Latin America

• 1492 1788

2
(No Transcript)
3
(No Transcript)
4
1491
5
Spanish Portuguese Cruelty
6
People

• Ferdinand of Aragon
• Isabella of Castile
• Bartolome de las Casas
• Hernan Cortez
• Mocteczuma II
• Francisco Pizarro
• Francisco Vazquez de Coronado
• Pedro de Valdivia

• Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
• Pedro Alvarez Cabral
• Charles III
• Jose de Galvez
• Marquis of Pombal
• Tupac Amaru

7
Groups Concepts

• Corregidores
• Casa de la Contratacion
• Consulado
• Council of the Indies
• Letrados
• Viceroyalties
• Paulistas
• Hidalgos
• Grandees

• Encomienda
• Mita
• Potosi
• Huancavelica
• Galleons
• Recopilacion
• Audiencia
• Haciendas

8
Places Concepts

• Hispanola
• Mexico City
• New Spain

• Captaincies
• War of Spanish Succession
• Columbian Exchange
• Treaty of Tordesillas

9
Viceroy
Pennisulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulatos
Indians
Slaves
10
Reconquesta

• 1492
• Muslims ruled from 700s
• Retake Iberia from the Muslims
• Inquisition
• Expel Jews
• Atlantic reconnaissance

11
Iberian Traditions

• Patriarchal society
• Nobles landholders
• Professional bureaucracy
• Based on legal system
• No separation of church state
• Slavery

12
Chronology of Conquest
3 Time Periods

• 1st Period
• 1492 1570
• Est. administration economy
• 2nd Period
• 1570 1700
• Colonial institutions society
• 1 M people under European control

• 3rd Period
• 18th Century
• Reform reorganization
• Set stage for dissatisfaction revolution

13
Caribbean Experience

• MODEL FOR COLONIZATION
• Columbus
• Formed encomiendas
• Enslave Indians
• Diseases destroy indigenous populations
• Bartolome de las Casas tried to end abuse
• Urban centers on European grid model
• Build universities cathedrals
• Magistrates control government
• Church joins process
• Women African slaves

14
Paths of Conquest

• IMPLEMENTED BY INDIVIDUAL INITIATIVES
• Cortez in Mexico 1519 Aztec Mexica
• Amerindian allies devastating disease
• Capture Tenochititlan Moctezuma II
• New Spain
• Pizarro 1535 S. America Inca
• Atahualpa
• Weakened by civil war
• Built capital at Lima

15
Paths of Conquest

• Francisco Vazquez de Coronado
• 1540
• U.S. Southwest
• Pedro de Valdivia
• 1541
• Central Chile Santiago
• By 1570
• 192 Spanish urban settlements in
  New Spain

16
The Conquerors

• Regulated by agreement b/w exploration leaders
  sovereign
• Authority for promises of sharing spoils
• Men of conquest are not soldiers
• New nobility over Amerindian peasantry
• Epidemic diseases end any resistance
• Conquest ends by 1570

17
Conquest Morality

• Conquest, exploitation, conversion justifiable?
• Justification
• Natives were not human
• thus subordinate
• Defense
• De las Casa defended natives
• they are human
• Outcome
• De las Casas wins but much too late

18
Destruction Transformation

• Indigenous people suffered from conquest
• Demographic catastrophe
• Central Mexico
• 25 M declined to less than 2 M
• Spanish response
• Concentrate survivors into towns and confiscate
  their land
• Completely transformed their society

19
(No Transcript)
20
Exploitation

• Spanish keep native institutions
• Hold their nobles responsible
• Labor debt tax collecting
• Enslavement except in warfare was
  forbidden by 16th C.
• Encomiendas created by king
• Land grants to conquerors
• Used natives for labor taxes

21
Encomienda

• Land grants by crown
• Modified because
• Feared rise of new nobility
• Disappeared by 1620s
• State contracted native labor
• Used in mines state projects
• Indians adapted Spanish culture to conform to
  their own

22
The Great Exchange

• Columbian Exchange
• Massive biological exchange
• Changed both the new and old world
• Exchanged crops domestic animals Diseases
• Caused
• Population increases in Old World
• Counterintuitive need for more colonization

23
Colonial Economic Systems

• New Spain
• 80 agriculture ranching
• Mining also an essential
  activity
• Commercial enterprise
• Exchange of manufactured
  goods for raw materials
• Caused Latin America to become dependent

24
Silver Heart of Empire

• Silver major commodity
• Mines in Mexico Peru
• Forced Native American labor
• First as slaves then as paid labor
• Govt. monopoly with individual investment
• Owed the crown one fifth of production.
• Potosi Bolivia largest mine.

25
Haciendas

• New Spain
• Agricultural mining economy
• Spanish rural estates emerged with decline of
  native populations
• Haciendas become source of aristocratic wealth.

26
Industry Commerce

• Herding economy sheep
• Led to women working in sweatshops textiles
• Silver ruled commercial system
• Caused major inflation in Europe.
• Spain controlled trade and commerce
• Manila Galleons
• Galleons transport b/w China New World
• Employed convoy system to protect silver fleets
  from pirates

27
Political Systems

• Church State
• Papal land grants / conversion
• Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
• Viceroys represented king / legislative /
  judicial / military power
• Council of the Indies
• Clergy both secular religious function
• Inquisition controlled morality orthodoxy.

28
Plantation Economy

• Portuguese in Brazil
• 1500
• After French show interest Portuguese nobles move
  on the area
• Granted captaincies
• Jesuits arrive
• Indian resistance broken b/c
• Disease military force missionary action

29
Sugar Slavery

• Brazil world leader in sugar
• Very expensive
• Very labor intensive / single crop
• Hierarchy
• Nobles priests
• Merchants Govt. officials bureaucrats
• Bureaucracy gt lawyers

30
Labor Force

• MISSIONARIES
• Ran ranches, mills and schools
• Mixed bloods, poor whites, Indians Africans who
  were gt artisans, small farmers, herders or free
  workers
• Slaves at the bottom 1/2 pop.
• 1st Native American
• African

31
Brazil Gold

• Brazil lost its place as leader. . .sugar
• Gold discovered by Paulistas
• Minas Gerais in Brazil
• Mines controlled by Portugal
• Does not contribute to Portuguese economic
  development
• Allowed them to import manufactured goods instead
  of making their own.
• Very costly mistake. Big Stupid??

32
Hapsburg Rule

• 1580 1640 Portugal Spanish share Hapsburg
  ruler
• Netherlands in revolt
• War of Spanish Succession
• British, French, Dutch create sugar plantations
  in Caribbean
• Spain looses sugar monopoly

33
Multiracial Societies

• SOCIEDAD DE LAS CASTAS
• European men Native American women
• Mestizo population
• Similar process with African slaves
• Social Hierarchy
• PENINSULARES- European born settlers
• CREOLES - New World born Europeans
• Would later lead independence movements
• MESTIZOS Mixed races European Native Am.
  Africans any combination

34
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Slaves
35
18th C. Reforms

• Spain Portugal
• 18th C. Intellectual movement
• New demographic economic trends
• European population increases
• Pressure valve colonies
• Long term important consequences detrimental
• Amigos del pais - reformers

36
Shifting Balance of Power Trade

• Spain weakened
• Poor rulers, foreign wars, internal civil
  economic problems
• France Britain Holland rise
• Spain mercantile political system I
• War of Spanish Succession
• Treaty of Utrecht 1713
• Bourbon rule in Spain

37
Pombal Brazil

• Marquis of Pombal
• Portuguese reformer
• 1755 1776
• Suppressed opposition
• Jesuits expelled 1759
• Agricultural monopolies stimulation
• Mixed marriages encouraged
• Little change effected

38
Reforms to Revolts

• Iberian colonies shared global growth
• Economic boom gtend of 18th C.
• Reforms disrupt power patterns
• Revolts
• Comunero Revolt N. Granada
• Tupac Amaru revolt in Peru Indians
• Illustrates local dissatisfaction with Imperial
  policies.

39
(No Transcript)
40
Latin America Global Context

• Portugal Spain
• Very large colonies
• Global interaction
• Recreated Iberia w/ local influences
• Surviving Indian populations multicultural
  multiethnic society
• Slavery Africangt role in society
• Latin American transition is distinct from the
  west but related to it.

41
Enduring Questions

• Trace patterns of economic political
  development in New Spain.
• Examine how those patterns impact Latin America
  throughout the time periods.