CH 2 TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES

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CH 2TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES
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CHAPTER OUTLINE
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KEY TERMS

• Interstate Highway System ??????the highway
  system between states, which always exceeds a
  country
• National Highway System ??????the highway
  system in a country.
• door-to-door ??? the way to hand over cargoes,
  i.e. load in the warehouse of the consigner and
  unload in the warehouse of the consignee directly
  without such middle operations.

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• containerization ????a kind of transportation,
  load kinds of cargoes into a standard metal box
  (container) and transport containers by ship,
  truck etc.
• intermodal transportation ????the
  transportation integrating two or more transport
  modes, such as land-water, air-land etc., which
  is not a new kind of transportation but a new
  transport management mode.

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SPECIAL WORDS

• guideway ??
• physical-distribution ????
• accessibility ???
• serviceability ???????
• productivity ???
• capital cost ????
• operating cost ????
• maintenance cost ????
• line-haul ????
• light rail ??

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• ton-mile ???????
• flatcar ???
• locomotive ??
• railcar ????
• barge ??
• towboat ??
• bulk goods ??
• intercity freight ????
• pumping station ??
• magnetic levitation ???

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• Kph ??????/??
• TGV Train a Grande Vitesse??,
• ????????????
• Waterbus ????
• Hovercraft ???
• Freightliner ???????
• Seatrain ????
• general cargo ship ???
• bulk dry cargo ????
• bulk liquid cargo ????

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• waterline ???
• load line ???
• air taxi ????
• seaplane ????
• amphibian ????
• Intermodal yard ????
• container yard ?????
• container freight station ??????

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2.1 TRANSPORTATION AND THE FACILITIES

• 2.1.1 Transportation Facilities Today

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Transportation services

• PassengerThe automobile is the major mode of
  travel between cities the movement of intercity
  passenger traffic by public carriers is mainly by
  rail, air, and to a much lesser extent, by bus.
  Within cities, passenger travel is by bus,
  personal automobile, and rail rapid transit.
• FreightFreight movement is largely the
  province of trucking firms within cities, but
  truck, rail, water, and pipelines provide
  intercity freight movement over the continental
  of the State.

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Public transportation

• It is a generic term used to describe any and all
  of the family of transit services available to
  urban and rural residents.
• It is not a single mode but a variety of
  traditional and innovative services, which should
  complement each other to provide system wide
  mobility.

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2.1.2 Basic Requests of Transportation Facilities

• As for the transportation system, the elementary
  demands are
• Accessibility (ubiquity)
• Mobility
• Efficiency
• Serviceability.

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2.2 MODES OF TRANSPORTATION

• Transportation system is often analyzed in terms
  of the various modes of transportation, and
  primarily a combination of highway and rail
  transportation
• The classification scheme presented in Table 2.1.

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Table 2.1 Mode classification scheme
Freight Passenger
Urban Truck(highway)
Intercity Truck(highway) Rail Ocean shipping Inland Water Pipeline Air Private auto (highway) Bus (highway) Rail Air
Special purpose Conveyor belt Cable systems
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Brief descriptions of Transportation modes in
the United States

• The following are brief descriptions of the more
  important modes in the United States
  transportation system, including
• Highways Urban Transit
• Air Rail
• Water Pipelines
• Other Modes

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2.2.1 Highways

• Basic description
• The highway system is the dominant
  transportation mode in the many developed
  countries, which is used by truck lines and bus
  lines in addition to private vehicles and
  consists of roadway, including the Interstate
  Highway System, and the National Highway System.

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• Markets
• Its major markets are urban passenger
  transportation, urban goods distribution,
  intercity passenger transportation and intercity
  freight.

• Serviceability
• The highway system includes very high
  accessibility to almost all potential
  destinations, direct service with very low
  door-to-door travel times, moderate line-haul
  speeds, and moderate capacities.

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• Costs
• Capital costs of physical facilities vary a
  great deal depending on the type and capacity of
  roadway, but on the whole are moderate.
• Operating costs tend to be relatively high.

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2.2.2 Urban Transit

• Basic description
• Urban transit is a highly specialized mode,
  including traditional mass transit modes such as
  buses, streetcars, and light rail and rail rapid
  transit, as well as paratransit modes

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• Markets
• The market served by urban transit is urban
  passenger transportation.
• In most cases, less than 10 percent of all
  passenger trips in a metropolitan area will be
  made by transit, although the share of the market
  in dense central business districts is much
  higher, and many central business districts could
  not function without transit.

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• Serviceability
• Accessibility depends on route and
  stop/station spacing, but is generally less than
  for private autos.

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• Costs
• Capital costs for rail systems are high, both for
  fixed facilities and vehicles. Capital costs per
  seat for bus systems are comparable to those of
  other highway modes.
• Operating costs for both bus and rail systems are
  moderate, but operating cost per trip is almost
  always higher than the fare.

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2.2.3 Air

• Basic description
• The air transportation system includes
  commercial airlines, airfreight carders, and
  general aviation (private aircraft).

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Air

• Markets
• The major market is intercity passenger
  travel, particularly long-distance travel. In
  addition, some intercity freight is shipped by
  air.

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• Serviceability
• The primary service characteristic of air
  transportation is its high line-haul speed
• Accessibility
• Accessibility is limited, but this is of
  relatively little importance because of the great
  length of most of the trips made by air.
• Capacities of individual aircraft are
  moderate, but productivity is high due to the
  very high speeds.

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• Costs
• Capital and operating costs are both quite
  high for the commercial air system, but once
  again, high productivity results in moderate
  costs per passenger carded.
• Costs of general aviation airports and
  aircraft are moderate, and are usually in the
  same range as those of highway facilities and
  vehicles of comparable capacity.

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2.2.4 Rail

• Basic description
• The intercity rail system is an important part
  of the transportation system, which operates most
  intercity passenger rail service. Freight
  railroads make use of a huge amount of
  locomotives and freight cars.

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• Markets
• Rails share of the intercity freight market
  has declined steadily over most of the twentieth
  century and now amounts to about 37 percent of
  the total ton-miles. This is still the largest
  share of any mode.

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• Accessibility
• The rail system provides moderate speeds and
  levels of accessibility, but traditional
  operating practices, which involve relatively
  short hauls between rail yards, where trains are
  broken up and reassembled, lead to high and
  unreliable door-to-door travel times.

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• Costs
• Capital costs of locomotives and railcars are
  also relatively high, and productivity is often
  low. Maintenance costs for track are relatively
  high.
• Operating costs per ton-mile are low, but the
  efficiency of traditional operating strategies is
  poor.

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2.2.5 Water

• Basic description
• The domestic water transportation system
  consists of coastwise ocean shipping and barge
  lines operating on inland waterways.
• Vessels include barges and towboats on the
  inland waterways and various types of ships.
• Major types of oceangoing freighters include
  container ships, bulk cargo carriers, and oil
  tankers.

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• Markets
• The market for water transportation is
  intercity freight.
• Inland waterways and coastwise shipping
  specialize in bulk goods.
• Intercontinental ocean shipping carries all
  types of cargo.
• The domestic water system handles nearly 30
  percent of the total ton-miles, and ocean
  shipping accounts for virtually all
  intercontinental freight.

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• Accessibility
• The water transportation system provides low
  speed and relatively low accessibility, but
  extremely high capacities.

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• Costs
• The capital cost of vessels is high, but
  operating costs per ton-mile are extremely low.
• Environmental impacts are relatively low, but
  water pollution from routine discharges of oil
  and other pollutants, as well as from major oil
  spills involving tankers, is a significant
  problem.

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2.2.6 Pipelines

• Basic description
• Pipelines constitute a highly specialized
  freight transportation system. Their market is
  almost entirely crude oil, petroleum products,
  and natural gas.

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• Markets
• Pipelines account for about 20 percent of the
  total ton-miles of intercity freight.
• They provide very low-speed, high-capacity
  continuous flow transportation, and involve a
  large amount of working storage.

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• Costs
• Costs are low. Typically, capital costs for
  the pipeline, pumping stations, and the like
  account for 70 to 80 percent of total costs
• operating costs are very low and depend mostly
  on pumping costs
• The environmental impact of pipelines is
  normally quite low once they are built, but
  construction impacts have sometimes been of major
  concern.

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2.2.7 Other Modes

• Cable and belt systems are used extensively for
  transportation of freight within industrial
  complexes.
• There are also several novel modes that are under
  development or that have been proposed from time
  to time, such as the magnetic levitation in
  conjunction with linear induction motors for
  high-speed ground transportation, air cushion
  vehicles and large-scale pneumatic tube systems.

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2.2.8 Relative Importance

• Tables 2.2 through 2.4 summarize recent
  statistics for the different modes of
  transportation in the United States and provide
  an idea of their relative importance.
• They illustrate the extent to which
  highway-related transportation dominates both
  passenger travel and high-value freight
  transportation.

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Table 2.2 Vehicle-miles of travel by mode, 1997
ModeVehicle-Miles (Millions) ModeVehicle-Miles (Millions)
Air carriers4,911 Air carriers4,911
General aviation3,877 General aviation3,877
Passenger cars1,502,000 Passenger cars1,502,000
Motorcycles10,100 Motorcycles10,100
Other 2-axle, 4-tire vehicles850,000 Other 2-axle, 4-tire vehicles850,000
Trucks Single-unit Combination 66,800 124,500
Buses6,800 Buses6,800
Other670 Other670
Rail Transit Commuter Class I freight Amtrak 599 251 31,660 288
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Table 2.3 Passenger-miles by mode, 1997
Mode Vehicle-Miles (Millions) Percent
Air carriers450,6009.75 450,6009.75 450,6009.75
General aviation12,5000.27 12,5000.27 12,5000.27
Highway Passenger cars Motorcycles Other 2-axle, 4-tire vehicles Trucks Single-unit Combination Buses 2,388,000 12,000 1,394,000 66,800 124,500 144,900 51.67 0.26 30.16 1.45 2.69 3.14
Rail Transit Commuter Amtrak 13,139 8,000 5,200 0.28 0.17 0.11
Other 1,627 0.04
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Table 2.4 Freight Transportation Statistics, 1997
Mode Value Value Ton-Miles Ton-Miles
Mode Billions of 1997/ Percent Billions Percent
Parcel, postal, courier services 866 10.9 19 0.5
Truck (for-hire, private, both) 5,519 69.4 1095 27.9
Rail (includes truck and rail) 383 4.8 1051 26.7
Water 195 2.5 802 20.4
Air (includes truck and air) 213 2.7 7 0.2
Pipeline 330 4.1 690 17.6
Other and unknown modes 448 5.6 267 6.8
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2.3 DIVERSIFIED TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION
FACILITIES

• 2.3.1 Motor Vehicle
• Definition
• A motor vehicle, or automotive vehicle, refers
  to a usually four-wheeled automobile operated on
  road, especially the one with rubber tires for
  use on highways for passengers or cargos moving.

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• Categories
• Passenger cars--all passenger cars, SUVs,
  minivans, vans, and pickup trucks.
• Buses--intercity motor coaches, transit buses,
  school buses, and articulated buses.
• Trucks--single-unit trucks, tractor-trailer, and
  tractor-semi-trailer combination vehicles.
• Recreational vehicles--motor homes, cars with
  various types of trailers

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Trucks
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Tractor
Trailer
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Pull cart
Passenger car
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Tank car
Van
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• Passenger cars carry people from one place to
  another e.g. limo.
• Truck is the heavy motor vehicles designed for
  carrying or pulling loads.
• Van is an enclosed boxlike motor vehicle having
  rear or side doors and side panels especially for
  transporting people.
• A covered or enclosed truck or wagon often used
  for transporting goods or livestock for cargos
  conveying, and multifarious trucks are used, such
  as a tractor, vans or trailers.

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2.3.2 Train

• Definition
• Train is a series of connected railroad cars
  pulled or pushed by one or more locomotives. Iron
  horse has a big power offered by the engine which
  is a machine that converts energy into mechanical
  force or motion to move the train.

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• Categories
• (1) According to the engine and the driving or
  pulling forces
• steam engine
• internal-combustion engine
• electric engine

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Locomotives
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• (2) In conformity to the purpose
• passenger loco High speed
• cargo loco Big power
• dispatching or pilot loco agility and
  nimbleness, being a small locomotive used in a
  railroad yard, as for shunting, called dinkey.

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carriages
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• Others
• There are manifold freight cars such as flat
  cars, trunk cars, refrigerated railroad cars.
• Van is a closed railroad car used for carrying
  baggage or freight.
• Trainload refers to the number of occupants or
  the amount of material that a passenger or
  freight train can hold.
• High-Speed (Rail) Ground Transport is usually
  abbreviated as HSGT

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HSGT (high-speed ground transport )
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Magnetic levitation

• Magnetic levitation is a high-speed rail
  technology by which a train can travel free of
  friction at speeds of 480 kilometers (300 miles)
  per hour or more.

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Motor Train Unit
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2.3.3 Watercraft

• Watercraft is a general designation of the
  facilities used for water transporting.

• Ship is ordinarily a vessel of considerable size
  for deep-water navigation, while boat, is
  customarily considered as an inland vessel of any
  size.

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Watercraft
Ship is ordinarily a vessel of considerable size
for deep-water navigation
Boat, is customarily considered as an inland
vessel of any size
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Types of Watercraft

• Types

a very large, luxurious oceangoing passenger ship

• super-liner
• Waterbus
• Hovercraft

a large motorboat used for carrying passengers on
rivers or canals
a special kind of ship, a ground-effect vehicle
that operates over water
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• Multifarious merchant ships

• a riverboat with a keel but without sails, used
  for carrying freight
• a dredge, a boat or barge equipped with a dredge,
  chemical ship, technically used to send the
  liquid chemicals
• oil tanker, a ship constructed to transport
  liquids, such as oil, in bulk

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Container ships
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• Lighter, a large flat-bottomed barge, especially
  one used to deliver or unload goods to or from a
  cargo ship or transport goods over short
  distances
• A flatboat is a boat with a flat bottom and
  square ends used for transporting freight on
  inland waterways

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• Barge, or scow, is also a long, large, usually
  flat-bottomed boat for transporting freight but
  is generally unpowered and towed or pushed by
  other craft
• Freightliner, i.e. container ship, is the one
  used for container carrying
• Seatrain, is a seagoing vessel capable of
  carrying a train of railroad cars

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Shipment

• Shipment refers to a quantity of goods or cargo
  that are shipped together. It is also called
  burden, the amount of cargo that a vessel can
  carry
• Tonnage is the number of tons of water that a
  ship displaces when afloat. It is the total
  shipping of a country or port, figured in tons,
  with reference to carrying capacity, and the
  ability of a merchant ship in units of 100 cubic
  feet.

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Merchant Ship

• Definition
• a merchant ship is a power-driven vessel
  employed in commercial transport on the oceans
  and large inland bodies of water
• cargoes types
• break-bulk
• unitized
• bulk (dry or liquid)

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Importance of water cargo transportation

• Generally, water cargo transportation is
  cheaper per ton-mile than land or air
  transportation.
• Although the volume of air transportation has
  increased considerably, approximately 90 of
  overseas trade revenue is waterborne.

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Break-bulk cargo

• Break-bulk cargo includes miscellaneous goods
  packed in boxes, bales, crates, cases, bags,
  cartons, barrels, or drums. It may also include
  lumber, motor vehicles, pipe, steel, and
  machinery.
• Vessels engaged primarily in the
  transportation of break-bulk cargo are called
  break-bulk cargo ships.

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Unitized cargo

• Under the heading of unitized cargo may be
  grouped cargo carried aboard in pallets,
  containers, wheeled vehicles (railway cars,
  trailers, and the like), and barges or lighters.
• Cargo-carrying wheeled vehicles are rolled on
  and off the ship on side or end ramps and stowed
  on and secured to decks. Ships thus loaded are
  called roll-on/roll-off ships.

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• Barges, or lighters, are handled by special
  shipboard gantry cranes, elevators, or rarely,
  heavy lift booms.
• Examples of bulk dry cargo are ore, coal,
  sugar, cement, and grain.
• These items are poured or otherwise loaded into
  the ships cargo compartments (holds) without
  being boxed, bagged, or hand-stowed. Vessels
  designed specifically for the ore or coal trade
  are referred to as ore carriers and colliers.

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2.3.4 Airplane
Passenger and cargo planes
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Definition

• Airplane, or AP, as it is usually abbreviated,
  is any of various winged vehicles capable of
  flight, generally heavier than air and driven by
  jet engines or propellers.
• It is a machine or device, such as an
  airplane, a helicopter, a glider, or a dirigible,
  that is capable of atmospheric flight.

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Classification

• In accordance with the applications
• air taxi
• seaplane
• amphibian

a small aircraft that makes short local flights
to areas not serviced by regular airlines
an aircraft equipped with floats for landing on
or taking off from a body of water, also called
hydroplane, or floatplane
an aircraft that can take off and land on either
land or water
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• According to the type of structure
• monoplane only one pair of wings
• Biplane two pair of wings
• twin-engined
• quadplex-engined

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• Considering the size and the carrying capacity
• runabout, or light aircraft
• jumbo jet
• liner

a large commercial ship or airplane, especially
one carrying passengers on a regular route
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• With a view to the speed
• supersonic plane
• subsonic plane
• In view of the distance of flight
• long-haul aircraft
• medium-haul
• short range aircraft

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composition
an airplane has mainly four parts
wings
tail
landing gear
central body
The body is the central part of an aircraft to
which the wings and tail assembly are attached
and which accommodates the crew, passengers, and
cargo.
Wings includes aerofoil and aileron
Fin or rudder is at the tail of an aircraft, used
for effecting horizontal changes in course
Landing gear, videlicet, undercarriage, is the
components of an aircraft or a spacecraft that
support the weight of the craft and its load and
give it mobility on ground or water
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2.3.5 Pipelines

• Description
• Pipeline is probably the most unusual. The
  pumps along the pipeline act as the vehicle,
  imparting energy for the movement of the fluid or
  gas passing through them and overcoming the
  resistance to flow along the walls of the pipe.

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• System composition
• The pipe system is built up by the line, the
  principal pipe or conduit, pipefitting.
• The system also includes valve
• Pumping station is necessary at this system

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• Transportation object
• The primary commodities moved over the
  pipeline are petroleum and natural gas.
• There are slurry pipelines, where a solid
  like coal is broken up and suspended in a liquid.
  The result is called a slurry, which can be moved
  through a pipeline.

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Pipeline and pump station
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• Temperature
• The temperature of the oil in the pipeline is
  nearly constant, even though the outside
  temperature can range from 37.8 ? to -62.2?.
• The insulation keeps the oil warm enough to
  flow even on the coldest days.

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2.4 CONTAINER TRANSPORTATION

• A container is a large reusable receptacle
  that can accommodate smaller cartons or cases in
  a single shipment, designed for efficient
  handling of cargo.

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Definition

• A container is a large standard size metal box
  conferred flexibility and hardiness which is
  either made of steel or aluminum into which cargo
  is packed for shipment aboard specially
  configured oceangoing vessels and designed to be
  moved with common handling equipment enabling
  high-speed intermodal transfers in economically
  large units between ships, railcars, truck
  chassis, and barges using a minimum of labor.

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• Roles
• The container, serves as the load unit rather
  than the cargo contained therein, making it the
  foremost expression on intermodal transportation.
  
• The usage of containers shows the
  complementarity between freight transportation
  modes by offering a higher fluidity to movements
  and a standardization of loads.

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Containers
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• Its elements
• A Container owns its elements
• the lifetime of an element stored in a
  container cannot exceed that of the Container
  itself.

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Carrying Capacity of Containers (in cubic feet)

• TEU
• Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit
• FEU
• Forty-foot Equivalent Unit

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• The most prevalent container size is the 40
  foot box, which in its 2,400 cubic feet has the
  capacity to carry the equivalent of 22 tons of
  cargo.
• The initial container sizes were the 20foot
  and the 40foot agreed upon in the 1960s and
  became an ISO standard.
• Hi-cube containers are one feet higher
  (9'6") than the standard 8'6" height and a
  40-foot hi-cube container provides about 12 more
  carrying capacity than its standard counterpart.

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Table 2.5 Generation of container ship
Container ship generation year Loadage
1st generation 1956-1970 700-1000 TEU
2nd generation 1970-1980 1800-2000 TEU
3th generation 1980-1986 2500-3000 TEU
4th generation 1986-1993 3000-4500 TEU
5th generation 1993-2000 4500-6000 TEU
6th generation 2000 till now Above 8000 TEU
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Regina Maersk (capacity of about 6,700 TEU)
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2.4.3 Advantages of Container Transport

• Advantages
• Standard transport product
• Flexibility of usage
• Management
• Costs
• Speed
• Warehousing
• Security

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• Standard transport product
• A container can be manipulated anywhere in
  the world as its dimensions are an ISO standard.
  Indeed, transfer infrastructures allow all
  elements (vehicles) of a transport chain to
  handle it with relative ease.

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• Flexibility of usage
• It can transport a wide variety of goods
  ranging from raw materials manufactured goods,
  and cars to frozen products.
• There are specialized containers for
  transporting liquids and perishable food items in
  refrigerated containers.

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• Management
• The container, as an indivisible unit, carries
  a unique identification number and a size type
  code enabling transport management not in terms
  of loads, but in terms of unit.
• Computerized management enables to reduce
  waiting times considerably and to know the
  location of containers at any time.

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• Costs
• Relatively to bulk, container transportation
  reduces transport costs considerably, about 20
  times less than bulk transport.
• While before containerization maritime
  transport costs could account between 5 and 10
  of the retail price, this share has been reduced
  to about 1.5.

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• Speed
• Transshipment operations are minimal and
  rapid. This is notably attributable to gains in
  transshipment time as a crane can handle more
  movements.
• With less time in ports, containerships can
  spend more time at sea, thus be more profitable
  to operators. Further, containerships are on
  average 35 faster than regular freighter ships.

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• Warehousing
• The container limits the risks for goods it
  transports because it is resistant to shocks and
  weather conditions.
• The packaging of goods it contains is
  therefore simpler and less expensive.
• Besides, containers fit together permitting
  stacking on ships, trains and on the ground.

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• Security
• The contents of the container are unknown to
  shippers as it can only be opened at the origin,
  at customs and at the destination.
• Spoilage and losses, especially those of
  valued commodities, are therefore considerably
  reduced.

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• Drawbacks
• consumption of space
• infrastructure costs
• stacking
• management logistics
• empty travel
• illicit trade

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2.4.4 Handing Over of The Container Transit

• There are totally 16 ways to hand over in the
  container transit

• door-to-door
• door-to-CY
• door-to-CFS
• door-to-hook
• CY-to-door
• CY-to-CY
• CY-to-CFS
• CY-to-hook

• CFS-to-door
• CFS-to-CY
• CFS-to-CFS
• CFS-to-hook
• hook-to-door
• hook-to-CY
• hook-to-CFS
• hook-to-hook

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2.5 URBAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

• 2.5.1 Public Transportation
• Definition
• Public transportation is an important element
  of the total transportation services provided
  within large and small metropolitan areas.

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• Advantages
• A major advantage of public transportation is
  that it can provide high-capacity,
  energy-efficient movement in densely traveled
  corridors.
• It also serves medium- and low-density areas
  by offering an option for auto owners who do not
  wish to drive, and an essential service to those
  without access to an automobileschool children,
  senior citizens, single-auto families, and
  others.

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• Modes
• Mass transit, characterized by fixed routes,
  published schedules, and vehicles, such as buses
  and light rail or rapid transit, that travel
  designated routes with specific stops.
• Paratransit, characterized by more flexible and
  personalized service than conventional
  fixed-route, fixed-schedule services, available
  to the public on demand, by subscription or on a
  shared-ride basis.

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• Ridesharing, characterized by two or more persons
  traveling together by prearrangement, such as
  carpool, vanpool, bus pool, or shared-ride taxi.

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2.5.2 Urban Transit Modes

• Characteristics
• (1) A common carrier
• The service is available to the general
  public.

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• (2) Fixed route and fixed schedule
• Some transit service is demand responsive,
  meaning that a vehicle is sent to a riders
  location as close to the desired pickup time as
  possible.
• However, most transit service is provided
  along a fixed route and according to a fixed
  schedule.

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• (3) The area served is limited to an urban area
  or a rural area
• Service between cities by bus, rail, air, and
  so forth is treated separately as intercity mass
  transportation. Service is provided to the
  general public on fixed routes using a fixed
  schedule within an urban area.

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• This service is usually provided by one or
  more of the following transit technologies
• Bus
• Rail

The standard 35-foot bus has 35 to 45 seats and
can carry about 70 passengers, including standees
For areas with higher densities of ridership,
some form of rail transit provides greater
capacity than does bus.
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• Ferry service which transports by boat across a
  body of water is also important in non-urban
  areas, or those cities where there are water.
  Other forms of urban mass transit exist, but it
  may be possible to put them into one of the
  technology categories above.

114

• Another variation of mass transportation is
  taxicab, a common carrier whose service area is
  usually limited to a certain urban area, but
  whose service is demand responsive.
• Rather than putting taxi in the bus category,
  another category is used called paratransit,
  which can also include special handicapped
  service, vanpools, and carpools.

115
2.5.3 Critical components in a traffic system

• Components
• Road users
• Vehicles
• Streets and highways
• Traffic control devices
• The general environment

116

• Road users
• Road users involve almost everyone,
  passengers, drivers, bicyclists, motorcyclists,
  and pedestrians.
• Motorcycles and bicycles also use highway and
  street facilities but are not isolated as a
  separate category, as their characteristics do
  not usually limit or define design or control
  needs.

117

• Vehicles
• Vehicles in a traffic system covers private
  and commercial ones. The medium of all highway
  transportation is the vehicle. The design,
  operation, and control of high-way systems relies
  heavily on the characteristics of the vehicle and
  of the driver.

118
Vehicles in the city mainly include
119

• vehicles operating individually with rubber
  tires, with manual lateral and longitudinal
  control

vehicles operating individually or in short
trains with electric motors and overhead power
collector, steel wheel on steel rail with manual
or automatic longitudinal control
120

• vehicles operating in trains with electric
  motors on fully separated rights-of-way with
  manual signal or automatic longitudinal control
  level boarding, off-vehicle fare payment

vehicles operating in trains with long station
spacing, serving long trips into central city,
large imbalance between peak hour and other
period ridership
121

• Modal Comparison between bus and rail
• The rail has displayed to advantage in those
  aspects as high capacity, lower operating costs,
  better service quality, stronger land use
  influence, and fewer negative externalities.
• The bus shows the predominance mainly as low
  capital costs, wide network coverage, single
  vehicle trips, flexibility, and the Dual mode
  nature.

122

• Influence of the potential changes

• Bad for Transit
• Growth of suburbs
• Industry and employment moving from the central
  city
• Increased suburb-to-suburb commuting
• Migration of the population to the south and west
• Loss of population in frost-belt cities
• Growth in private vehicle ownership
• Increased diversity in vehicle types such as
  SUVs, pickup trucks, and RVs
• High cost per mile to construct fixed-rail
  transit lines
• High labor costs

123

• Influence of the potential changes

• Good for Transit
• Emphasis by the federal government on air quality
• Higher prices of gasoline
• Depletion of energy resources
• Trends toward higher density living
• Legislation to encourage livable cities and
  smart growth
• Location of mega-centers in suburbs
• Need for airport access and circulation within
  airports
• Increased number of seniors who cannot or choose
  not to drive

124

• Influence of the potential changes

• Neutral for Transit
• Increases in telecommuting may require less
  travel to a work-site
• Internet shopping and e-commerce could reduce
  shopping trips
• Changes in work schedules to accommodate
  childcare could increase trip chaining
• Staggering work hours, flex-time, and four-day
  work weeks reduce peak-hour congestion
• Aging population, most of whom are not transit
  users, may continue to drive
• Increased popularity in walking and biking could
  be a substitute for transit riding

125
2.5.4 Intercity Bus Transportation

• Intercity bus transportation services have
  benefited from the interstate highway system.

126
Advantages
Disadvantages
127
The end of CH2
Thank You !
128
QUESTIONS

• How many types of facilities are there in todays
  transportation?
• What are the basic requests of transportation
  facilities?
• Are accessibility, mobility, and productivity the
  elementary parameters of a transportation system?
• How to understand the mode of transportation?

129
QUESTIONS

• Why is highway system the dominant transportation
  mode in many developed countries?
• How many types of locomotives are there in track
  transportation? Are all of them still in use
  currently?
• What is the primary service characteristic of air
  transportation?
• Is the intercity rail system an important part of
  the transportation system? Why?

130
QUESTIONS

• What is the most attractive point of water
  transportation?
• Particularize the advantages of container
  transport.
• How many ways are there to hand over in the
  container transit?
• What are the five critical components that
  interact in a traffic system?

131
JOKE

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  ???????????????!?????!?????????--???!

132
JOKE

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  ,??????????,???????????? ??????????????????
  ,???????!

133
JOKE

• Marylebone Station was packed with homeward-bound
  commuters. Train after train was either late or
  cancelled and finally one angry commuter said to
  a guard, I dont understand why British Rail
  goes to the trouble of printing timetables at
  all!
• I dont know either, said the guard. But if we
  didnt print timetables, you wouldnt be able to
  tell how late the trains are running, would you?