Title: Warm up
1Warm up
- What is your
- Cultural/ethnic identity
- Religious identity
- Sexual identity (orientation)
2Ethnic Identity Development
- Center for Student Cultural Diversity
3What is identity development?
- Identity development is a series of stages
everyone must go through to determine who they
are as an individual.
4What is ethnic identity development?
- A sense of group or collective identity based on
ones perception that he or she shares a common
racial heritage with a particular racial group - Racial identity development theory concerns the
psychological implications of racial-group
membership, that is belief systems that evolve in
reaction to perceived differential racial-group
membership.
5Conformity
- In this stage, people of color identify strongly
with White Dominant Society, permitting the White
society to define their worth and value. - Individuals in this stage often accept negative
stereotypes about themselves and their group. In
addition, they know very little and are not
interested in learning about their own ethnic
heritage or history. - Such persons usually associate with primarily
White people and have very little to do with
members of their own ethnic group.
6Dissonance
- In this stage, persons have experiences, or gain
insights, that cause them to question their
conforming attitudes, and cause confusion and
conflict. - They question values of the dominant culture they
have previously held in high esteem.
7What are the values?
- What do you consider the values of the dominant
culture?
8Dissonance
- They become more aware of racism, oppression, and
stereotyping. - Ethnic minority individuals may attempt to
develop friendly relations with members of their
own ethnic group with whom they have previously
not been able to identify.
9Resistance and Immersion
- This is a stage of extremes, during which
individuals become immersed in their own cultural
history, values, and life-style. - Such persons are highly motivated to combat
oppression, racism, and prejudice, and may
evidence activist behavior and an increased
distrust of the dominant culture.
10Resistance and Immersion
- Overall, individuals in this stage attempt to
completely separate themselves from the dominant
group, believing that majority people are
responsible for their negative life
circumstances.
11Introspection
- In this stage, individuals take a hard look at
their total rejection of the dominant culture and
total acceptance of their own group. - Individuals often experience conflict and
confusion regarding loyalty to their cultural
groups and their personal preferences and
autonomy.
12Introspection
- Internal conflict is most profound in this stage,
as individuals struggle to find a balance between
what they want for themselves, based on personal
desires, needs, and aspirations versus what their
own ethnic group expects of them.
13Synergetic Articulation and Awareness
- Persons in this stage have acquired knowledge and
an appreciation of their own cultural group,
which enable them to value and respect the
culture and values of other people. - Persons in this stage have resolved many of the
previously experienced conflicts, resulting in
fulfillment of their cultural identity.
14Oppositional Identity
- John Ogbu author of Minority Education and Caste
(1978), argued that "involuntary minorities"
often adopted an "oppositional identity" to the
mainstream culture in response to a glass ceiling
imposed or maintained by white society on the
job-success of their parents and others in their
communities. Therefore, he reasoned, some
non-whites "failed to observe the link between
educational achievement and access to jobs."
15Cultural inversion
- Cultural inversion - the process whereby symbols,
whether it be dress or language, and behaviors
that are associated with a dominant culture are
deemed inappropriate for a subordinate culture.
Cultural inversion eventually leads to an
"alternative cultural frame of reference,"
meaning some African Americans have a different
set of values than Whites. - This set of values held by African Americans is
in direct opposition to White culture since
African American culture is oppositional in form
and function. Many African American students may
attribute academics, doing well in school, and
the use of Standard English as "acting White
(Ogbu 441)
16multiethnic identity development
17Personal Identity
- Stage 1 Identity is based on their primary
reference group
18Group Choice
- Stage 2 Identity selection is often that of
being forced into one group ethnic by societal
standards/ perceptions
19Enmeshment/Denial
- Stage 3 This stage is characterized by
confusion and guilt at having to choose one
ethnic identity and a sense of dissatisfaction
that this does not fully represent oneself.
20Appreciation
- Stage 4 Reference group orientation broadens
beginning to expand their understanding of
multiple heritages but may still maintain one
group identification.
21Integration
- Stage 5 individual experience wholeness and
integration. Value of all their racial and
ethnic identities. - Now able to recognize and appreciate the
complexities and benefits of their culture (s)
and ethnicities.
22White Racial Identity Development
23Contact
- In the contact stage, White individuals are
unaware of themselves as racial beings because
being White is so much the norm that it is taken
for granted. - Those in this stage who choose to interact across
racial and cultural lines become aware of
societal pressure against doing so.
24Disintegration
- In the disintegration stage, Whites are forced to
acknowledge that they are White. - During this stage, Whites respond to minorities
in three different ways over-identification or
activism with ethnic minorities, paternalistic
attitudes toward ethnic minorities, or retreat
back into White culture.
25Reintegration
- Individuals in this stage may become very hostile
toward ethnic minorities and become more
positively biased toward their own group. - They are either covertly or overtly anti-ethnic.
Many in this stage are also angry and afraid.
26Pseudo-Independence
- This stage is characterized by an intellectual
acceptance of ethnic minority persons. - A pronounced feature of this stage is that, while
cross-cultural communication occurs, it involves
those minorities who are most similar to Whites.
27Pseudo-Independence
- For example, ethnic minorities with comparable
values, educational and economic levels, and with
sometimes similar physical features to White
people, might be invited to socialize with White
people.
28Autonomy
- In the autonomy stage, White individuals have
greater acceptance of racial differences and
similarities. - Differences are not perceived as deficits and
similarities are not seen as enhancers.
29Autonomy
- Autonomous people actively seek opportunities to
involve themselves in cross-cultural interaction
because they value cultural diversity and are
secure in their own ethnic identity.
30Gay and Lesbian Identity Development
31Identity Confusion
- In this stage, a sense of incongruence (conflict
between their perception of themselves as
heterosexual and realization of gay or lesbian
thoughts and feelings) develops.
32Identity Comparison
- In this stage the person begins to accept the
possibility of having a predominantly gay or
lesbian orientation, and moves from confusion and
incongruence toward addressing the social
alienation resulting from a commitment to being
gay or lesbian
33Identity Tolerance
- In this stage the person begins to admit to him
or herself that he or she is probably gay or
lesbian. - This helps the person decrease identity confusion
and allows him or her to pursue more of his or
her own emotional, social, and sexual needs.
34Identity Tolerance
- The person seeks out contacts and friends in the
gay or lesbian community and has a chance to see
positive role models. If the contacts are
positive, he or she will probably become more
accepting of a gay or lesbian sexual identity.
35Identity Acceptance
- In this stage the individual increases contact
with other gay and lesbian people and accepts a
gay or lesbian identity. - Incongruity and alienation often continue
because of the lack of acceptance by the
heterosexual community.
36Identity Acceptance
- The person may be able to fit in with both the
gay or lesbian and straight world. For some
individuals this strategy works and they
successfully live their lives at this stage.
37Identity Pride
- People at this stage reject strategies to hide
their sexual orientation and often reject
heterosexual values and institutions. - Personal reactions by heterosexual friends and
others in this stage can be both positive and
negative. - If reactions are generally negative, then the
person tends to stay in this stage.
38Identity Synthesis
- In this stage the us and them mentality gives
way to a more differentiated view. - Feelings of pride continue, but the person comes
to recognize that the dichotomy between the gay
and straight world is not as clear cut as he or
she previously perceived.
39Identity Synthesis
- Personal and public views of self are synthesized
and a persons sexual identity becomes less
important as sexual identity is integrated into
all other aspects of self.
40Warm up Dec 11
- Mrs. Temple has agreed to come in and talk about
racial differences. - On the paper provided write ONE question that you
would like to ask. - It could be anything that you want to know about
African Americans or even Hispanic people that
you might never have been given the chance to
ask. - E.g Why dont black people like to get their hair
wet?
41Alternate warm up
- If you are not a part of the dominant culture,
you may not have questions, you may want to write
a statement or statements. - For example What it is like to be a minority in
Ventura or at FTHS.
42Religious Identity Development
43Religious Identity Development
- Stage 1 Pre-encounter -In this stage the person
has virtually no awareness of their own religious
identity - Stage 2 Encounter -In this stage a person
probably has some personal encounter with
religious prejudice as well as some sort of
trigger that indicates the beginning of
separation from the majority religion.
44Religious Identity Development
- Stage 3 Immersion/Emersion -In this stage a
person has a desire to surround themselves with
some or all forms of religious culture. The
subject is energized by new information and newly
developing beliefs in their hearts.
45Religious Identity Development
- Stage 4 Internalization -In this stage the
subject turns his or her emotions and dedication
inward. The subject will ask themselves many
questions such as, "What does it mean for me to
be a_________?"
46Religious Identity Development
- Stage 5 Internalization/Commitment
- The subject finds ways to interpret his or her
own spirituality and personality in the context
of their entire being. - The focus is less on the inward person and more
on the outward whole of humanity. This stage is
somewhat of a thoughtful religious maturity.
47Seven Vectors of College Student Development
48Vector One
- Developing Competence
- Although intellectual competence is of primary
importance in college, this vector includes
physical and interpersonal competence as well. - The student who attends college seeking only
credentials for entry into the work world is
sometimes surprised to find that his or her
intellectual interests and valued friendships
change as a result of his or her personal
development through the college years.
49Vector Two
- Managing Emotions
- Moving from adolescence to adulthood means
learning how to manage emotions like anger and
sexual desire. The young person who attempts to
control these emotions by stuffing them finds
they can emerge with more force at a later time.
50Vector Three
- Developing Autonomy
- Being able to take care of oneself, both
emotionally and practically, is critically
important to growing up and becoming independent
from ones family of origin.
51Vector Four
- Establishing IdentityThe age-old question who
am I? is asked and answered many times during a
lifetime. Yet, that question has exquisite
urgency and poignancy during the college years. - This vector is especially problematic for women
and ethnic minorities who may feel invisible in
our society or have multiple roles to play in
different situations.
52Vector Five
- Freeing Interpersonal RelationshipsFirst, one
moves from valuing relationships based on need
(dependence) to valuing individual differences in
peopleNext, the person learns how to negotiate
those differences in relationships.Finally, the
young person begins to understand the need for
inter-dependence and seeks mutual benefit from
relationships.
53Vector Six
- Developing Purpose
- The young person identifies her or his career and
life goals and, hopefully, makes appropriate
choices to achieve those goals
54Vector Seven
- Establishing Integrity
- This level of maturity does not come easily. Once
achieved, however, the young adult is able to
live with those uncertainties that exist in the
adult world. - In addition, he or she adapts societys rules so
they become personally meaningful.
55All the world is a stage, And all the men and
women merely players. They have their exits and
entrances Each person in time plays many parts.
William Shakespeare