Personal, Individual, and Institutional Racism

1
Personal, Individual, and Institutional Racism

• The Rite of Passage Course
• The Kwanzaa Gallery
• Instructor Frank M. Johnson

2
Introduction

• The unconscious, taken for granted, assumed,
  rarely questioned, unexamined, unchallenged
  acceptance of the belief by anyone that

3
Introduction

• The world as it looks to the dominant culture is
  the only world
• The way of dealing with the world which the
  dominant culture has created is the only way of
  dealing with it.
• The values which the dominant culture has
  established are the only acceptable values
• The way life looks to the dominant culture is the
  only way it can be viewed by anyone.
• What the dominant culture thinks minorities are
  like is truth and the only acceptable way to the
  about minority people

4
Summary of Course

• Students will be familiarized with the terms
  involved with personal, individual, and
  institutional racism.
• Provided a perspective of racism and the effects
  it has had on individuals and the society in
  which we live.

5
Who is in Attendance?

• Find out any relevant background and interest of
  the audience

6
Agenda

• Types of Racism
• Categories of Personal and Individual Racism
• Components of Personal and Institutional Racism
• Socialization and Racism
• Categories of Racist Actions
• Levels of Institutional Racism
• Characteristics of U.S. Institutions harboring
  Racism
• Examples of Institutional Practices
• Social and Human Costs of Institutional Racism
• Institutional Racism Checklist
• Reverse Discrimination
• Perceptions of Reverse Discrimination

7
RACISM Wanted - Dead OnlyNo Image Available

• PUBLIC ENEMY NO. 1
• Alias Personal and Institutional
• Recent Crimes
• Ulcers
• Heart Attack
• High Blood Pressure
• Skin rashes
• Headaches
• Backaches
• Asthma

8
RACISM Wanted - Dead OnlyNo Image Available

• Past Crimes
• Civil Disorder
• Law Violations
• Civil Unrest
• Creating Enemies
• Alienating Parents
• Alienating Citizens
• Robbing Talent Potential
• Loss Initiative
• Debasing Human Beings
• Disheartening Youth

9
RACISM Wanted - Dead OnlyNo Image Available

• Causing lapse in motivation
• Infiltrating every known institution in society
• Spoiling every culture in society
• A spreading contamination with virus effect
• LAST SIGHTING
• Ignorance Avenue
• Ethnocentrism City
• Between Bigotry and Discrimination County
• State of Prejudice

10
RACISM Wanted - Dead OnlyNo Image Available

• ALL CITIZENS ARE ADVISED TO BE ON THE ALERT.
  RACISM IS ARMED AND DANGEROUS AND WILL DESTROY
  WITHOUT SUFFICIENT CAUSE
• PROTECT YOU HOMES AND FAMILIES UNTIL CAUGHT

11
Racism - What is It?

• The attitude, belief and associated feeling's)
  that white people are inherently superior to
  nonwhite and darker skinned people, or that
  darker skinned people are inherently inferior to
  white people

12
Vocabulary

• Personal / Individual Racism
• Institutional racism
• Dominant Cultural Racism
• Overt Racism
• Covert Racism
• Intentional Racism
• Unintentional Racism

13
Vocabulary (contd)

• Prejudice
• Discrimination
• Ethnocentrism
• Stereotyping
• Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
• Moral Self-Interests
• Material Self-Interests

14
Personal / Individual Racism

• A belief or feeling of racial superiority with
  corresponding negative racial attitudes that may
  be expressed through the most subtle behavior to
  the violent acts
• Any act, attitude, belief held by an individual
  (or subsequent action) which subordinates or
  subjugates a person or group of persons because
  of the skin color.

15
Personal / Individual Racism

• The assumption that psycho-cultural traits and
  capabilities are determined by biological race,
  and that the races differ decisively, one from
  another, which is coupled with a belief in the
  inherent superiority of a particular race and/or
  its right to dominion over others.
• Racism results from the transformation of race
  prejudice and/or ethnocentrism through the
  exercise of power against a racial group defined
  as inferior, by individuals and institutions,
  with intentional or unintentional support of the
  majority of the culture.

16
Connections

• Explain how all the individual topics fit together

17
How The Self-Image Is Formed

• Positive Words, Pictures and Feelings or
• Negative Words, Pictures and Feelings
• Imagination X Vividness Subconscious Reality

18
SELF-IMAGECYCLE

• SELF TALK BUILDS SELF IMAGE
• SELF IMAGE CONTROLS REAL PERFORMANCE
• REAL PERFORMANCE REINFORCES SELF TALK
• AFFIRMATIONS VISUALIZATIONS ENHANCES CYCLE

SELF TALK
SELF IMAGE
REAL PERFORMANCE
19
The POWER Diamond
LAW

• LAW
• RESOURCES
• POWER
• CULTURE

CULTURE
RESOURCES
SYSTEMS
POWER
20
CYCLE OF RACISM

• COMMUNICATIONS
• SUPERIORITY / INFERIORITY
• GEOGRAPHIC EXCLUSION
• DISCRIMINATION
• INEQUALITY
• REINFORCED BELIEFS

RACISM
21
COMMUNICATIONS

• LANGUAGE BARRIER
• MISUNDERSTANDING
• MISCONCEPTIONS
• IGNORANCE
• HYPOCRISY
• PREJUDICE
• CULTURAL ARROGANCE
• IDEOLOGICAL VALUES

RACISM
22
RELATIONSHIPSUNDER RACISM

• ASSUMED SUPERIORITY
• ASSUMED INFERIORITY
• SEGREGATION
• POLARIZATION
• SUBORDINATION
• EXPLOITATION

RACISM
23
Institutional Racism

• Policies, practices or functions that have been
  installed that protect and condone personal
  racism.

24
Dominant Cultural Racism

• Those actions, activities and practices that are
  traditional, which have become a part of the
  social order which condone personal or
  institutional racism.
• The sum total of all the varied beliefs,
  traditional, attitudes, values, needs, norms,
  standards which create, maintains and / or
  perpetuates the racist society.

25
Overt / Covert Racism

• Those actions that are openly / publicly
  demonstrated and are easily identified
• Those actions that are hidden, ranging from
  subliminal to subterfuge, hard to identify and
  destructive.

26
Intentional / Unintentional Racism

• Those actions that are done deliberately and with
  purpose
• Those actions that are done inadvertently or as a
  result of traditional thought or cultural
  training.

27
Prejudice

• A preconceived judgment or opinion, with faulty
  reasoning, may be explicitly implied or expressed
  vocally. Prejudice is an internal disposition
  about a person or group of person without
  bothering to verify the opinion or examine its
  merit.

28
Discrimination

• The external act's) of prejudice in words or
  action. The practice of differential and unequal
  treatment, usually by the dominant or majority
  group.

29
Ethnocentrism

• The belief that ones own group, institution or
  culture is better and inherently superior to
  others. White ethnocentrism translated into an
  inhuman attitude and behavior that subordinates,
  subjugates or exploits people based on
  differences that are considered inferior, usually
  non-white in origin, and having the power to
  reward or punish in order to maintain that belief
  system.

30
Stereotyping

• Any activity by individuals, groups, institutions
  or cultures that treat other human beings
  unjustly because of color, then, rationalizes
  that treatment by attributing to those beings
  biological, social and cultural characteristics
  that are undesirable.

31
Self-fulfilling Prophecy

• A theory that we as individuals, if we are seen
  as an authority figure, has an extra-ordinary
  unknown influence on others which if translated
  into the power of expectation alone, by example,
  can influence the behavior of others to become
  what we expect or predict.

32
Moral / Material Self Interests

• Surfaced through issues such as bussing, zoning,
  redlining etc., which harbors the concept we
  dont want to live near them, because we want to
  protect our children, or theyre dirty, nasty
  and smell bad.
• Action mode which harbors the ideology What in
  it for me (or us.) , What will I lose or
  ..if I allow integration, my property value will
  decrease or crime will run rampant.

33
Socialization and Racism

• The process is an all encompassing education in
  which goals and roles are taught or acquired.
  Pressure is applied by rewarding, punishing,
  ignoring or other expectation that pushes a
  youth toward displaying acceptable behavior.
• Webster To fit or to train for a social
  environment
• Racism is a learned attitude and developed
  behavior that is picked up through the home,
  church, school and other institutions which a
  child is involved in their growth years

34
Types of Racist Action

• Locution
• Bad mouthing. Public or Private. Subtle racism
• Avoidance
• Overt and identifiable action in social or public
  forum which harbors segregationist or separatist
  beliefs.
• Discrimination
• Open action which has exclusionary consequences
  against people of color
• Physical Attack
• Riot, Mob violence, Lynching
• Genocide
• Extermination

35
Institutions

• An institution is a significant, and persistent
  element, in the life of a culture.
• Centers on a fundamental need, activity or value
• Institutional practice, relationship or
  organization
• Occupies an enduring or cardinal position in a
  society
• Maintained stable by social, federal, regulatory
  and economic agencies.

36
Institutional Racism

• Involves have the power of an institution to
  carry out systemic discriminatory practices in
  any one or all institutional of a society.
• The ability to utilize the institutions of a
  society to inequitably distribute the resources
  (or manage to the consistent disadvantage of
  people of color) the resources maintained by the
  organization for the society at large.

37
Levels of Institutional Racism

• Discrimination
• Forced Assimilation
• Segregation
• Slavery
• Genocide

38
Discrimination

• Exclusion from the institution on the basis of
  color or culture. Discriminatory practices may be
  unintentional with the end result creating an
  exclusionary barrier.

39
Forced Assimilation

• Person or groups of people who are forced to lose
  (or forsake) their individual social or cultural
  identity (or heritage) in order to become
  partially accepted into the core institutional
  activities.

40
Segregation

• Isolation, separation or blocking access to the
  resources of the institution, or from positions
  of affluence in the institution.

41
Slavery

• To bring physically under the yoke of power held
  by an institution, or to bring into total
  servitude to representatives of the institution

42
Genocide

• Extreme form of institutional racism which result
  in the elimination of those persons or groups who
  are different through utilization of the power of
  the institutions

43
EFFECTS AND AFFECTSUNDER RACISM

• DISCRIMINATION
• INEQUALITY
• POVERTY
• ADVERSE BELIEFS
• ADVERSE VALUES
• REINFORCE THE NEGATIVE

44
Institutional Character

• Control of major activities by the majority
  culture
• Power in the hands of a few
• Dependent upon long established traditions
• Committed to limited risk policies and procedures
• Highly organized, departmentalized and stratified
• Profit and/or mission oriented
• Conservative status quo philosophy
• Efficient and impersonal
• Resistant to change and innovation permanence is
  normalcy and stability

45
Institutional Practices Harboring Racism

• Education (IQ, SFP, Miseducation)
• Legal System (Policing, Biases, Controls)
• Employment Agencies (Qualifications)
• Labor Unions) (Seniority Systems)
• Business (Restrictions Free Enterprise/Competition
  )
• Industries (Limited Risk Policies/Glass Ceiling)
• Civic Organizations (Lack of Business Control)
• Government (Voting Rights. Power Use, Crises)
• The Military (Racial Conflicts)

46
Social and Costs of Institutional Racism

• Loss of Human Resource Potential
• Distortion of Values to Justify Action
• Loss of Personal Self-respect
• Narrows Viewpoints, defensiveness, hostile
  attitudes
• Economic strain on victims and perps
• Constrains political, social and cultural
  development

47
Social and Costs of Institutional Racism Contd

• Incentive Lost
• Creates dependency on federal government for
  justice
• Creates central city ghettos, enterprise zones
  and urban blithe
• Imposes monetary burden on society
• Prevents beneficial coalitions
• Dehumanization

48
Institutional Checklist

• Are there laws denying individuals or groups
  admission into systems based on race, color or
  ethnicity?
• Is there a seniority promotion system whereby
  some groups are excluded from competition during
  part of the time the system is enforce?
• Are realtors managing prices on homes in certain
  areas? Does this pricing adjust according to the
  race or ethnicity of the buyer?

49
Institutional Checklist

• Does the welfare system maintain the dependency
  norm, rather that serve as an activity for
  progressive change and relief?
• Are the voting districts modified after each
  census to gerrymander strengths according to
  gender, race, culture or ethnicity?

50
Reverse Discrimination

• Those policies, practices, procedures or
  standards that discriminates against the dominant
  group by affording preferential treatment to the
  minority group.
• Involves using expedient and faulty procedures to
  meet affirmative actions objectives. Affirmative
  actions were designed to be a tool to correct
  part discriminatory imbalances in a functional
  area, reverse discrimination occurs when quotas
  are attached to meet objective where no problem
  has existed. Quotas are inflexible. Goals should
  be used. The misuse example wherein a quota being
  established with no target group applicant -
  holding the position vacant

51
THE HIGH PERFORMANCE SYSTEM

• TEAMWORK
• PURPOSE
• PROCESSES
• PEOPLE
• COMMUNICATIONS FEEDBACK
• GOALS
• LEADERSHIP
• CREATIVITY
• INNOVATIONS
• FLEXIBILITY

52
THE HIGH PERFORMING PERSON

• SELF IMAGE
• RISK TAKING
• HOLISTIC FITNESS
• VISUALIZATION
• WORK STYLE
• NETWORKING
• BELIEF SYSTEM
• MANAGING TIME

53
Principles of African Way of LifeRestoring
Ancestry

• Reassessment
• Reclaiming
• Recommitment
• Remembrance
• Retrieval
• Resumption
• Resurrection
• Rejuvenation

54
Key Barriers to Realization of the African
American Dream

• Low Achievement Orientation
• Unconstructive Climate
• Unconstructive Environment
• Stunted Individual Growth
• Lack of Creative Capacity
• Undeveloped Societal Role

55
Key Barriers to Realization of the African
American Dream (contd)

• Soft Critiquing
• Negative Intergroup Relations
• Ineffective Educational Methods
• Inappropriate Leadership
• Inadequate Team Organization
• Inadequate Group Organization
• Unqualified Membership
• Insufficient Parental Involvement

56
Contemporary Issues in the Black Community

• Education of Black Children
• Parental Involvement Level in Education
• Quality of Education
• Economic Development
• Business Development

• Communications
• Drugs in the Community
• Violence in the Community
• Lack of Unity in Community
• Crime in the Community

57
Contemporary Issues in the Black Community

• Quality of Political Leadership
• Single Mothers / Heads of Households
• Teen Pregnancy
• Training for Economic Empowerment
• Lack of Cohesion and Networking Organizations

• Poor Parenting Skills
• High School Dropout Rate
• Environmental Racism
• Absence of Parental Involvement in Issues
• Lack of Financial Resources in the Hood

58
Contemporary Issues in the Black Community

• No Southern Hospitality
• Blacks Doing Business with Other Blacks
• Black Networking
• Prayer in Public School

• Lack of Information Needed to Make Decisions
• Lack of Accountability of Black Leadership
• Disunity in the Religious World

59
Contemporary Issues in the Black Community

• More Cultural Activity for Youth
• Afro-Am Women as Business Owners
• Lack of Positive Images in Media
• Working Together for the Common Good
• Complacency

• Job Opportunities for Youth
• Black Church /Business Communications
• Youth having Forward Aspirations (In Church)
• Stigma on Black Business

60
Contemporary Issues in the Black Community

• Black Business Owners not Qualified
• Lack of Positive Role Models
• Need to Define Meaning of Black and Blackness

61
Summary

• Individual and institutional racism, in its many
  forms, are social diseases that resist
  traditional treatment. Racism cannot be seen
  under any microscope, but it is there.
• We provided the tools necessary to recognize it
  when you have dealing with people.
• Democracy depends on the inclusion of all people
  regardless of race, color or ethnicity.

62
Where to get more information

• Other training sessions
• See Bibliography, articles, electronic sources
• Consulting services, other sources

63
Bibliography

• Hirsch, S. THE RIDDLE OF RACISM. Viking, c1972.
  301.451.HIR.
• Young, Witney. BEYOND RACISM. McGraw, c1969.
  301.451.YOU
• Baer, Hans A. THE BLACK SPIRITUAL MOVEMENT A
  RELIGIOUS RESPONSE TO RACISM. Knoxville,
  Tennessee University of Tennessee Press, 1984.
• Bastide, Roger. COLOR, RACISM AND CHRISTIANITY.
  Daedalus. No. 2, Spring 1967, P.56.

64
Bibliography

• Bastide, Roger. COLOR, RACISM AND CHRISTIANITY.
  Daedalus. No. 2, Spring 1967, P.56.
• BLACK ANTI-SEMITISM AND JEWISH RACISM by James
  Baldwin and others Introd. by Nat Hentoff. New
  York, R. W. Baron, 1969. E185.615 B54
• Bromy, David G comp. WHITE RACISM AND BLACK
  AMERICANS. Edited by David G. Bromley and Charles
  F. Longino, Jr. Foreword by Shirley Chisolm.
  Cambridge, Mass., Schenkman Pub. Co. distributed
  by General Learning Press Morristown, N. J.,
  c1972. E 185 B873

65
Bibliography

• Jordan, Winthrop D., THE WHITE MANS BURDEN
  Historical Origins of Racism in the United
  States. 301.4519 JOR
• BOGGS, James. RACISM AND THE CLASS STRUGGLE
  further pages from a black workers notebook. New
  York, Monthly Review Press, 1970 E185 615 B58
• MacCann, Donnarae, comp. THE BLACK AMERICAN IN
  BOOKS FOR CHILDREN Readings in Racism. 810.9 MacC

66
Bibliography

• DeNevi, Donald P. comp. RACISM AT THE TURN OF THE
  CENTURY documentary perspectives 1870-1910.
  Editors Donald P. DeNevi and Doris A. Holmes.
  Introd. Norvel Smith. San Rafael, Calif. Leswing
  Press 1973. E185.6 D46.
• Franklin, Raymond S. THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF
  RACISM by Raymond S. Franklin and Solomon Resnik.
  New York, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1973.
  E185.615 F72

67
Bibliography

• Goldschmid, Marcel L. comp. BLACK AMERICANS AND
  WHITE RACISM theory and research. Edited and
  Introductions by Marcel L. Goldschmid. New York,
  Holt, Rinehart and Winston 1970. E185.61 C595
• INSTITUTIONAL RACISM IN AMERICA Contributors
  Owen Blank and others Edited by Louis L.
  Knowles and Kenneth Prewitt. With an appendix by
  Harold Baron. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice
  Hall 1970, c1969. E185.61 I6

68
Bibliography

• Lecky, Robert S. BLACK MANIFESTO Religion,
  racism, and reparations, edited by Robert S.
  Kecky and H. Elliott Wright. New York, Sheed and
  Ward 1969. E185.615 L4
• Lindsey, Paul, 1924 - BREAKING THE BONDS OF
  RACISM, by Paul and Guilda Lindsey. Homewood,
  Ill., ETC Publications 1974. E185.61 L573
• Monte, Anita. RACISM / Anita Monte. -- New York
  Pocket Books, 1972. E185 M6

69
Bibliography

• Perlo, Victor. ECONOMICS OF RACISM U.S. A.
  roots of Black inequality / Victor Perlo. - 1st
  ed. -- New York International Pub1ishers, l975.
  E185.8 P418
• RACISM AND MENTAL HEALTH Essays. Charles V.
  Wilie, Bernard M. Kramer and Bertram S. Brown,
  editors. Pittsburg University of Pittsburg Press
  1973. RA790.6 R3
• RACISM AND SLAVERY IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE
  Quantative Studies. Princeton, c1975. (Quantitive
  studies in History) HT1048 R33

70
Bibliography

• Schwartz, Barry N. WHITE RACISM Its History,
  Pathology And Practice / by Barry N. Schwartz and
  Robert Disch. New York Dell Publishing Co.,
  c1970. E185.61 S35
• Scott, Benjamin. THE COMING OF THE BLACK MAN.
  Boston Beacon Press, 1969.
• Smith, Hilrie Shelton, 1893 - IN HIS IMAGE,
  BUT.. Racism in Southern religion, 1780-1910
  by H. Shelton Smith. Durham, N.C., Duke
  University Press, 1972. BT734.2 S56

71
Bibliography

• Thomas, Alexander, 1914 - RACISM AND
  PSYCHIATRY, by Alexander Thomas and Samuel
  Sillen. New York, Brunner/Mazel 1972. E185.625
  T47
• Wright, Nathan. LETS FACE RACISM. Camden N.H.T.
  Nelson 1970. E85.61 W947
• Young, Whitney M. BEYOND RACISM building an open
  society. By Whitney M. Young, Jr. 1st ed. New
  York, McGraw-Hill 1969. E185.615 Y6

72
Feedback

• Request feedback of training be sent to
• The Kwanzaa Gallery, Inc. P.O. Box 8077 Fort
  Gordon, Georgia 30905-1577 Attn Director of
  Training
• Call or Fax [phone]
• Email rites_at_bellsouth.net
• Web site
• www.home.bellsouth.net/Groups-ROP