If Development is not Engendered, it is Endangered

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If Development is not Engendered, it is Endangered
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Gender Concepts
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Gender

• Refers to the economic, social, political, and
  cultural attributes and opportunities associated
  with being male or female.
• The social definitions of what it means to be a
  woman or a man vary among cultures and change
  over time.
• OECD, 1998

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Sex

• Refers to the biological differences between
  males and females. Sex differences are concerned
  with males and females physiology.

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Gender Equity Equality

• Gender Equity
• Process of being fair to women and men,
  including using measures to compensate for
  historical and social disadvantages that prevent
  men and women from operating on a level playing
  field.
• CIDA, 1996
• Gender Equality
• The state or condition that affords women and
  men equal enjoyment of human rights, socially
  valued goods, opportunities, and resources.
• SIDA, 1997

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Gender Integration Mainstreaming

• Gender Integration
• Refers to strategies applied in program
  assessment, design, implementation, and
  evaluation to take gender norms into account and
  to compensate for gender-based inequalities.
• Gender Mainstreaming
• The process of incorporating a gender
  perspective into policies, strategies, programs,
  project activities, and administrative functions,
  as well as institutional culture of an
  organization.

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Womens Empowerment CME

• Womens Empowerment
• Improving the status of women to enhance their
  decision-making capacity at all levels,
  especially as it relates to their sexuality and
  reproductive health.
• Constructive Male Engagement
• Involves men in actively promoting gender
  equity with regard to reproductive health,
  increases men's support for women's reproductive
  health and children's well-being, and advances
  the reproductive health of both men and women.

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Homophobia Heterosexism

• Homophobia
• Fear of, aversion to, or discrimination
  against homosexuals or homosexual behavior or
  cultures. Homophobia also refers to the
  self-loathing by homosexuals as well as the fear
  of men who do not live up to societys standards
  of what it is to be a true man.
• Heterosexism
• The presumption that everyone is heterosexual
  and/or the belief that heterosexual people are
  naturally superior to homosexual and bisexual
  people.

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Gender Integration Continuum
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Gender Integration Continuum
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Overview of USAID ADS Requirements and USG
HIV/AIDS Legislation
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USAID, Gender, and Development

• Through attention to gender issues, our
  development assistance programs will be more
  equitable, more effective and ultimatelymore
  sustainable.
• USAID Gender Plan of Action, 1996

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USAID, Gender, and Development

• ADS 201.3.9.3 Gender Analysis
• MANDATORY. Gender issues are central to the
  achievement of strategic plans and Assistance
  Objectives (AO) and USAID strives to promote
  gender equality... Accordingly, USAID planning in
  the development of strategic plans and AOs must
  take into account gender roles and relationships.
  Gender analysis can help guide long term planning
  and ensure desired results are achieved. However,
  gender is not a separate topic to be analyzed and
  reported on in isolation. USAIDs gender
  integration approach requires that gender
  analysis be applied to the range of technical
  issues that are considered in the development of
  strategic plans, AOs, and projects/activities.
• ADS 201.3.9.3 (March 2010)

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ADS Key Questions for Planning

• How will the different roles and status of women
  and men within the community, political sphere,
  workplace, and household (for example, roles in
  decision-making and different access to and
  control over resources and services) affect the
  work to be undertaken?
• How will the anticipated results of the work
  affect women and men differently?
• ADS 201.3.9.3 (March 2010)

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ADS Requirements, March 2010

• Long-Term Planning USAID planning in the
  development of strategic plans and AOs must take
  into account gender roles and relationships.
  Gender analysis can help guide long term planning
  and ensure desired results are achieved.
  However, gender is not a separate topic to be
  analyzed and reported on in isolation. USAIDs
  gender integration approach requires that gender
  analysis be applied to the range of technical
  issues that are considered in the development of
  strategic plans, AOs, programs and activities.
  ADS 201.3.9.3
• Project and Activity Planning All projects and
  activities must address gender issues in a manner
  consistent with the findings of any analytical
  work performed during development of the
  Missions long-term plan (see 201.3.9.3) or for
  project or activity designThe conclusion of any
  gender analyses must be documented in the
  Activity Approval Document (AAD). If the AO team
  determines that gender is not a significant
  issue, this must be stated in the Activity
  Approval Document. ADS 201.3.11.6

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ADS Requirements, March 2010

• Performance Indicators In order to ensure that
  USAID assistance makes the optimal contribution
  to gender equality, performance management
  systems and evaluations must include
  gender-sensitive indicators and sex-disaggregated
  data when the technical analysis supporting an
  AO, project or activity demonstrates that
• The different roles and status of women and
  men within the community, political sphere,
  workplace, and household (for example, roles in
  decision-making and different access to and
  control over resources and services) affect the
  activities to be undertaken and
• The anticipated results of the work would
  affect women and men differently. (ADS
  203.3.4.3)

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ADS Requirements, March 2010

• Issuance and Evaluation of Competitive
  Solicitations Similar requirements for contracts
  (see ADS 302.3.5.15) and grants/cooperative
  agreements/APS ( see ADS 303.3.6.3).
• Contract or Agreement Officer must ensure that
  the requiring office integrates gender issues in
  the procurement request, or includes a rationale
  for not integrating gender.
• Gender should not be addressed as a stand-alone
  issue. Rather, solicitation documents must use
  the findings of gender analysis to integrate
  gender issues into the appropriate performance
  requirements (e.g., Program Description, key
  personnel qualifications, evaluation
  requirements, etc.).
• Contract or Agreement Officer must ensure that,
  if gender is integrated into performance
  components, that gender is also reflected in the
  corresponding technical evaluation or selection
  criteria.
• Gender should not be a separate evaluation or
  selection criteria. Rather, gender should be
  integrated into technical criteria for each
  performance component.

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Gender in the Foreign Assistance Framework

• Two gender sub-Key Issues are identified in the
  Operational Plan
• Increasing Gender Equity
• Reducing Gender-based Violence
• The sub-Key Issues cut across all Functional
  Objectives
• All individual-level indicators to be
  disaggregated by sex

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Global Health Initiative the Woman and
Girl-Centered Approach

• Increases funding for maternal and child health,
  family planning, nutrition, and HIV/AIDS.
• Supports long-term, systemic changes to remove
  gender-related barriers to womens participation
  in health-sector decisionmaking.
• Requires gender analysis for all USG-supported
  health programs.
• Integrates health programs with activities from
  other sectors (education, economic development,
  etc.).
• Seeks to improve monitoring, evaluation, and
  research.
• Includes a special focus on adolescent girls.
• Works with partner governments to support gender
  equity.

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Gender and PEPFAR
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USG Global Five-year HIV/AIDS Strategy (PEPFAR I)

• Recognizes gender inequality as driving HIV and
  contributing to the devastation of HIV/AIDS
• Calls for efforts to target men with messages
  that challenge norms about masculinity
• Calls for efforts to mitigate and reduce violence
• Gapsespecially in the areas of treatment and
  care

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PEPFAR II vs. PEPFAR I Increased Focus on Women
and Girls

• PEPFAR I
• Gender not mentioned
• Requires PEPFAR strategy to specifically address
  needs and vulnerability of women and girls
• Requires reporting of indicators related to
  reaching women and
• girls in annual reports
• PMTCT emphasized and annual reports on PMTCT
  required includes target of meeting or
  exceeding the goal to reduce the rate of
  mother-to-child transmission of HIV by 20 percent
  by 2005 and by 50 percent by 2010

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PEPFAR II vs. PEPFAR I Increased Focus on Women
and Girls

• PEPFAR II
• Addressing multiple concurrent sexual partnering
  as supported prevention activity
• Includes greater emphasis and more explicit
  emphasis on women and girls, particularly related
  to PMTCT and families, and adds language about
  gender and gender related vulnerabilities to HIV
• Changes subtitle B of legislation from
  Assistance for Children and Families to
  Assistance for Women, Children and Families
  with target of 80 coverage for PMTCT, annual
  report on PMTCT, and establishment of PMTCT
  expert panel
• Specifically requires that global HIV/AIDS
  prevention strategy address vulnerabilities of
  women and youth to HIV infection, and seek to
  reduce factors that lead to gender disparities in
  HIV

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PEPFAR II vs. PEPFAR I Increased Focus on Women
and Girls

• PEPFAR II, continued
• Adds more detailed accountability measures on
  reaching women and girls and gender-specific
  accountability measures
• Requires IOM to include assessment of efforts to
  address gender-specific aspects of HIV/AIDS,
  including gender related constraints to accessing
  services and addressing underlying social and
  economic vulnerabilities of women and men, in its
  evaluation
• Includes sense of Congress concerning need and
  urgency of expanding range of female-controlled
  HIV prevention

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Gender in PEPFAR Strategy

• Two-pronged approach
• Gender integration in all program areas
  (prevention, care, and treatment)
• Programming along five strategic, cross-cutting
  areas
• Implementation 5-year country strategies, COP
  technical guidance and review, TA, and resources
  from Gender Technical Working Group (GTWG),
  gender focal points/advisors

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Fighting the gendered dynamic that is frequently
transmitted with the disease itself must become a
critical component of any expanded HIV-prevention
programs in the next phase of U.S. HIV/AIDS
efforts.
Senator Russell Feingold, May 2007
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Five Key Legislative Issues PEPFAR I

• Increasing gender equity in HIV/AIDS
  
  activities and services
• Reducing violence and coercion
• Addressing male norms and behaviors
• Increasing womens legal protection
• Increasing womens access to income and
  productive resources

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1. Increasing gender equity

• PEPFAR-supported programs should promote
  proactive and innovative strategies to ensure
  that men and women and girls and boys have access
  to prevention, care, and treatment services. This
  includes tailoring services to meet the unique
  needs of various beneficiary groups.

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2. Addressing male norms and behaviors

• Men can play a critical role in promoting gender
  equity, preventing violence, and promoting sexual
  and reproductive health. Recognizing that men
  can either impede or promote health
  interventions, PEPFAR encourages country teams to
  develop programs that promote positive male
  engagement and behavior change.

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3. Reducing violence and coercion

• Women who live in fear for their lives (and their
  childrens lives) and who are unable to make
  their own decisions about sex are at a greatly
  increased risk of becoming infected with HIV.
  Reducing violence against women increases their
  access to services and their ability to negotiate
  safer sex and take advantage of education and
  employment activities.

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4. Increasing womens access to income and
productive resources

• PEPFAR recognizes that womens and girls lack
  of economic assets increase their vulnerabilities
  to HIV. Providing women with economic
  opportunities (increasing access to employment,
  training, and microfinance activities) empowers
  them to avoid high-risk behaviors, seek and
  receive healthcare services, and better care for
  their families.

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5. Increasing womens legal protection

• Many of the norms and practices that increase
  womens vulnerability to HIV and limit their
  capacity to deal with its consequences are
  reinforced by policies, laws, and legal practices
  that discriminate against women. Women denied
  enforceable legal rights and protections,
  including property and inheritance rights, are
  often unable to meet the basic needs of survival
  for themselves and their children, increasing
  their vulnerability to HIV.

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Gender Analysis Integration
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Gender Analysis
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What is Gender Analysis?

• Gender analysis draws on social science methods
  to examine relational differences in womens and
  mens and girls and boys
• roles and identities
• needs and interests
• access to and exercise of power
• and the impact of these differences in their
  lives and health.

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How does Gender Analysis help us design and
manage better health programs?

• Through data collection and analysis, it
  identifies and interprets
• consequences of gender differences and relations
  for achieving health objectives, and
• implications of health interventions for changing
  relations of power between women and men.

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Different approaches, but two fundamental
questions

• How will gender relations affect the achievement
  of sustainable results?
• How will proposed results affect the relative
  status of men and women? (i.e., will it
  exacerbate inequalities or accommodate or
  transform gender relations?)

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To understand gender relations

• Examine different domains of gender relations
• Practices, Roles, and Participation
• Knowledge, Beliefs, and Perceptions
• Access to Resources
• Rights and Status

POWER
POWER
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Different Contexts

• Gender constraints and opportunities need to be
  investigated in specific contexts, as they vary
  over time and across

• Social Relationships
• Partnerships
• Households
• Communities
• Civil society and governmental organizations/insti
  tutions

• Sociocultural Contexts
• Ethnicity
• Class
• Race
• Residence
• Age

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What different constraints and opportunities do
women and men face?

• How do gender relations (in different domains of
  activity) affect the achievement of sustainable
  results?
• How will proposed results affect the relative
  status of men and women (in different domains of
  activity)?

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Different Domains of Gender Analysis
Knowledge, beliefs and perceptions
Legal rights and status
Access to assets
Practices, roles and participation
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Different Domains of Gender Analysis
Knowledge, beliefs and perceptions
Legal rights and status
POWER
Access to assets
Practices, roles and participation
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Practices, Roles, and Participation

• Gender structures peoples behaviors and actions
  what they do (Practices), the way they carry out
  what they do (Roles), and how and where they
  spend their time (Participation).

• Participation
• Activities
• Meetings
• Political processes
• Services
• Training courses

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Knowledge, Beliefs, and Perceptions

• Knowledge that men and women are privy to who
  knows what
• Beliefs (ideology) about how men and women and
  boys and girls should conduct their daily lives
• Perceptions that guide how people interpret
  aspects of their lives differently depending on
  their gender identity

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Access to Assets

• The capacity to access resources necessary to be
  a fully active and productive participant in
  society (socially, economically, and
  politically).

• Assets
• Natural and productive resources
• Information
• Education
• Social capital
• Income
• Services
• Employment
• Benefits

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Legal Rights and Status

• Refers to how gender affects the way people are
  regarded and treated by both customary law and
  the formal legal code and judicial system.

• Rights
• Inheritance
• Legal documents
• Identity cards
• Property titles
• Voter registration
• Reproductive choice
• Representation
• Due process

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Power

• Gender relations influence peoples ability to
  freely decide, influence, control, enforce, and
  to engage in collective actions.

• Decisions about
• Ones body
• Children
• Affairs of household, community, municipality,
  and state
• Use of individual economic resources and income
• Choice of employment
• Voting, running for office, and legislating
• Entering into legal contracts
• Moving about and associating with others

2005 Kevin McNulty, Courtesy of Photoshare
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In short, Gender Analysis reveals
Gender-based Opportunities
Gender-based Constraints
gender relations (in different domains) that
facilitate mens or womens access to resources
or opportunities of any type.

• gender relations
• (in different domains) that inhibit mens or
  womens access to resources or opportunities of
  any type.

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Integrating Gender into the Program Cycle
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Strategic Information and Program Life Cycle
ASSESSMENT What is the nature of the (health)
problem?
1
EVALUATION How do I know that the strategy is
working? How do I judge if the intervention is
making a difference?
STRATEGIC PLANNING What primary objectives should
my program pursue to address this problem?
2
5
3
4
DESIGN What strategy, interventions, and
approaches should my program use to achieve these
priorities?
MONITORING How do I know the activities are being
implemented as designed? How much does
implementation vary from site to site? How can
the program become more efficient or effective?
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Moving from Analysis to Action

• Based on the analysis of gender constraints and
  opportunities . . .
• Specify sub-objectives and activities
• Tie indicators to change in specific gender
  constraints and opportunities

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Integrating Gender Into Programming (Table 1)
Program goal and/or overall health objective
__________________________________________________
____ Step 1 Conduct a gender
analysis of your program by answering the
following questions for your
program goal or objective.
A. What are the key gender relations inherent in each domain (the domains are listed below) that affect women and girls and men and boys? B. What other potential information is missing but needed about gender relations? C. What are the gender-based constraints to reaching program objectives? D. What are the gender-based opportunities to reaching program objectives?
Be sure to consider these relations in different contextsindividual, partners, family and communities, healthcare and other institutions, policies Be sure to consider these relations in different contextsindividual, partners, family and communities, healthcare and other institutions, policies Be sure to consider these relations in different contextsindividual, partners, family and communities, healthcare and other institutions, policies Be sure to consider these relations in different contextsindividual, partners, family and communities, healthcare and other institutions, policies
  Practices, roles, and participation      Knowledge, beliefs, perceptions (some of which are norms)     Access to assets      Legal rights and status      Power and decision making                                                                  
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Integrating Gender into Programming (Table 2)
Steps 2-5 Using the information you entered in
Table 1, answer the following questions for your
program goal/objective.
Step 2. What gender-integrated objectives can you include in your strategic planning to address gender-based opportunities or constraints? Step 3. What proposed activities can you design to address gender-based opportunities or constraints? Steps 4 5. What indicators for monitoring and evaluation will show if (1) the gender-based opportunity has been taken advantage of or (2) the gender-based constraint has been removed?
                                                                                                                       
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Small Group Work

• Instructions for Exercise
• Read your assigned case study, considering your
  groups focus
• See flipchart for your groups details
• Complete Table 1, identifying gender-based
  opportunities, constraints, and missing
  information
• Complete Table 2, identifying gender
  sub-objectives, activities, and indicators
• Record highlights of your responses on flipchart
  paper

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Getting Started Available Resources

• USAID Interagency Gender Working Group
  http//www.igwg.org
• USAID Global Healthhttp//www.usaid.gov/our_work
  /global_health/
• USAID Women in
• Development Officehttp//www.usaid.gov/
• our_work/cross-cutting_programs/wid/
• PEPFAR Gender Technical Working Group

2006 Elizabeth Neason
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Thank You!