Introduction to Nuclear Medicine Technology 231 NMT

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Introduction to Nuclear Medicine Technology231
NMT

• Abdullah A. Alshreef
• MSC Biomedical Imaging.
• PgDip Medical Physics.
• BSC Biomedical Engineering.
• E-mail engalshreef_at_gmail.com

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Introduction to Nuclear Medicine Technology231
NMT

• Course Credits 3 hours 3 hr Lecture per week.
• Prerequisite for None

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• This course is primarily concerned with
• - introduction to the field of nuclear medicine.
• - overview on radiation safety.
• - procedures performed in nuclear medicine.

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Course Objectives

• 1- introduction to the field of nuclear medicine
• 2- knowledge upon vital signs, patient care,
  universal precautions, and phlebotomy.
• 3- overview on radiation safety and the most
  common procedures performed in nuclear medicine.

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Course Contents

• 1- Overview of Nuclear Medicine
• 2- Interpersonal Communication
• 3- Health Care Ethics
• 5- Patient Care Body Mechanics
• 6- Universal Precaution
• 7- Administration of Pharmaceuticals
  Radiopharmaceuticals
• 8- Venipuncture

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Course Contents

• 9- Radiation Protection and Safety
• 10- Medical Terminology in NMT
• 11- Instrumentation and Quality Control in NMT
• 12- Common Nuclear Medicine Procedures

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Evaluation

•  
• First Assessment Exam 20
  marks
• Participation and Attendance 10 marks
• Second Assessment Exam 20 marks
• Final Exam
  50 marks
• 
  100

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References

• 1- Nuclear Medicine and Pet Bernier, Langan,
  Christian
• 2- Nuclear Medicine Procedure Manual,
  Klingersmith, Ed. Wick, 2006-2008
• 3- Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Technology and
  Techniques, Christian, Waterstram-Rich, Mosby,
  2007

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Principles of Imaging

• 1- Diagnostic Radiology
• Transmission of radiation from an external source
• 2- Nuclear Medicine
• Emission of radiation from an internal source
• 3- Ultrasound
• Reflection of sound waves

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Principles of Imaging

• 4- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
• 5- Computed Tomography
• 3D Transmission
• 6- Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
• 3D Emission
• 7- Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
  (SPECT)
• 3D Emission

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Principles of Imaging

• Need to understand underlying the physics to
  design improved systems.
• Need to understand underlying physics to process
  data from imaging systems

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Clinical Aspects of Radionuclide Imaging

• Oncology
• Cardiology
• Renal Medicine
• Respiratory Medicine
• Gastroenterology
• Geriatrics
• Paediatrics
• Orthopaedics

• Endocrinology
• Haematology
• Psychiatry
• Obstetrics
• Breast Unit
• General Surgery
• Vascular Surgery

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Radiation Emission from Nucleus

• Alpha
• Alpha particle 2 protons 2 neutrons
• Energies of 4 to 6 MeV
• Range of few cm in air, lt 0.01 mm in tissue
• Beta-
• n ? p e- ? Energy shared between
  electron and anti-neutrino
• Beta
• p ? n e ? Energy shared between
  positron and neutrino
• Beta particles energies 10 keV to 4 MeV
• Range of particles in tissue 20 keV ? 0.01 mm
• 400keV ?1.3 mm

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Annihilation Radiation
Two 511 keV photons produced
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Radiation Emission from Nucleus

• Gamma Emission
• Photon originating from nucleus
• Often carries away excess energy from other types
  of decay
• Nuclear Isomers
• Same number of protons and neutrons. Different
  Nuclear Energy levels
• For example 99mTc decays to 99Tc ?

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Radioactive Decay
Becquerel is one disintegration per second.
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Production of Unstable Nuclei.

• Decay from naturally occurring isotopes
• Reactor
• Bombard target material with neutrons
• Accelerator (Linac or Cyclotron)
• Bombard target material with charged particles
• Generator
• Separate daughter product from longer lived
  parent isotope

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Technetium Generators
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Gamma Camera
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Radiation Quantities

• Production
• Activity of radionuclide.
• mAs gt Flux of photons
• Exposure
• Charge produced per kilo of interacting matter
• Kerma (Kenetic Energy Released per Unit Mass)
• Absorbed Dose (Gray Joule kg-1)
• Equivalent Dose (Sievert Joule kg-1)
• Effective Dose (Sievert Joule kg-1)

Biologically relevant
Easy to measure
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• Thank You for your kind attention