PHOBOS - GRUNT

1
PHOBOS - GRUNT

• Phobos Sample Return Mission
• 1. Basis for choice, goals and methods of study

2
Content

• Choice of the mission The main criterias
• Selected Mission
• Phobos Basis of the choice
• Phobos Main steps of investigation
• Phobos Deimos Likeness and Difference
• Phobos Current understanding
• PHOBOS-GRUNT mission Scientific objections
• Phobos Methods of investigation
• PHOBOS-GRUNT Strawman Payload
• PHOBOS-GRUNT project Current status

3
Choice of the mission the main criteria

• determination of the topical significant
  scientific task in planetary exploration
• taking into account of results, heritage and
  available experience in planetary exploration in
  the country
• taking into account of interests of wide circle
  of scientists in the country and drawing in the
  project young scientists
• keeping of international cooperation in
  preparation and implementation of the project
• necessity of creation of new space platform for
  planetary exploration, based on new technology
• taking into account of limited funding of the
  Russian space program
• necessity of realization of the project during
  the next 3-5 years
• realizeness (technical and financial reability).

4
Selected mission

• Phobos Sample Return Mission -
• PHOBOS - GRUNT
• delivery of samples of the regolith,
• study of Phobos from sc during orbiting and
  landing on the Phobos surface,
• monitoring of Mars.

5
Phobos Basis of the choice

• Delivery to the Earth a sample of relict matter
  and its investigation in the laboratories is one
  of the most important task of current Solar
  system exploration
• scientific and technical solutions of a mission
  to Phobos have heritage and choosing a mission to
  Phobos continues the strategy of planetary
  exploration in our country
• Phobos and Deimos are the most accessible small
  bodies for space research from the technical
  point of view
• preparation and realization of a Phobos mission
  reflects interests of many institutes of the
  Russian academy of sciences - IKI, Vernadsky
  Institute, Apply Mathematics Institute, Institute
  of Radioelectronic, Institute of Earth Physic and
  others
• besides Phobos investigation a mission to Phobos
  allows to study several important problems of
  Mars, its environment, some interesting problems
  of fundamental physics
• a mission for Phobos investigation is independent
  on any current foreign space mission and from
  other side supplement the current American and
  European program on Mars exploration and
  exploration of Solar system small bodies what can
  be a base for international cooperation.

6
Phobos Main steps of investigation

• 1610 - Johannes Kepler was one of the first who
  suggested the existence two Martian moons,
• 1877 - Asaph Hall, American astronomer discovered
  two satellite of Mars Phobos and Deimos
• 1896 -1909 - S. Kostinsky (Pulkovo observatory)
  made the first pictures of these satellites
• 1911 - G.V. Struve suggested a theory of moving
  of Martian satellites
• 1945 - B.Shurpless came to the conclusion on the
  existence of century acceleration of Phobos
• 1958 - J. Koiper made the first photometric
  measurements (albedo - 0,06-0,07 carbonaceous
  chondrites),
• 1971 - 1972 - Mariner-9 (TV-camera,
  IR-radiometer, UF-spectrometer)
• 1976 - 1977 - Viking-Orbiter (TV-camera,
  orbital measurements).
• 1989 - PHOBOS-2 (TV-camera, radiometers and
  spectral measurements of regolith)

7
Phobos Deimos Likeness and Difference
8
Phobos Current understanding

• In overall the data acquired on Phobos and Deimos
  have shown their unique features
• dramatic different appearance,
• low density,
• the failure to establish a direct class
  relatives among the family of asteroids
  (brotherly relation to D-type is currently
  suspended),
• peculiarity of orbital and proper motion.
• Composition (including presence of water ice)
  remain poorly defined.
• Interior structure is unknown.
• The matter and dynamics of dust tori associated
  with Phobos and Deimos warrants investigation.
• Origin of the Martian satellites remains the
  mystery its unveiling may contribute to the
  understanding of the origin of satellite systems
  of other planets.
• Their characteristics demonstrate our inability
  to model some important solid body and surface
  processes on small bodies.
• Phobos and Deimos study continues to be important
  in the context of Mars exploration.

9
PHOBOS-GRUNT mission Scientific objections

• study physical and chemical characteristics of
  Phobos regolith and subsurface layers in situ and
  under laboratory conditions - these data can
  provide information on properties of primordial
  matter of the Solar system
• study of the role played by asteroidal impacts in
  the formation of terrestrial planets, in the
  evolution of their atmospheres, crusts, and
  inventories of volotiles
• study of the origin of the Martian satellites and
  their relation to Mars - these data can help in
  our understanding of their evolution and the
  origin of satellite systems near other planets
• search of organic matter, possible life or
  paleolife
• study of peculiarities of orbital and proper
  motion of Phobos, what is important for
  understanding their origin, internal structure,
  celestial mechanics applications
• study physical conditions of the Martian
  environment (dust, gas, plasma components) what
  is important to study of treatment processes of
  small body regolith under influence of external
  conditions and creation of engineering model of
  the Martian environment for future Martian
  missions
• Monitoring of dynamic of the Martian atmosphere
  and seasons climate changing.

10
Phobos Methods of investigation

• 1. Delivery of sample of the matter at the Earth.
  With a returned sample it would be possible to
  address the following topics
• absolute dating, the length of formatting
  interval and the subsequent evolution
• precise identification of primitive material, its
  chemical composition
• origin of Phobos / Deimos and their relation to
  Mars
• search of organic material.
• 2. In-situ study. Measurements on Phoboss
  surface will provide the opportunity to establish
  a ground truth data need for validation and
  interpretation of remote sensing and to do a
  detailed, in situ study of regolith samples,
  specifically their
• elemental and mineral composition, volatile
  content
• microscopic structure, physical and mechanical
  properties of the regolith
• celestial mechanic and fundamental physics
  experiments
• long duration monitoring of Mars.
• 3. Remote sensing Remote sensing of Phobos from
  co-orbiting spacecraft will provide global
  coverage of data related to both the surface and
  internal structure of the satellite, will provide
  an opportunity to relate data returned from the
  landing site to the all Phoboss surface
• global geologic mapping,
• size, shape, mass, bulk density,
• color, albedo, photometric scattering and thermal
  properties,
• mapping of global elemental and mineral
  composition,
• internal structure,
• landing site certification and selection,
• The Martian environment (dust tori, solar wind -
  Phoboss surface interaction).

11
PHOBOS-GRUNT Strawman Payload
12
PHOBOS-GRUNT project Current status

• The PHOBOS-GRUNT project is the only national
  planetary project in the current decade and
  Rosaviacosmos and the Academy of sciences take
  the special attention to this project.
• Two versions of the spacecraft are under the
  development now. During the current year we are
  holding a tender between these versions to choose
  the most effective and more realistic one in our
  conditions.
• Space Research Institute has a contract with
  Rosaviacosmos for development of a set of
  scientific instruments for the mission. The main
  subcontractor is Vernadsky Institute. Several
  other Institutes of the Russian academy of
  sciences participate in this contract.
• More then 20 proposals for scientific experiments
  have been received for the mission. The main
  purpose of the work during the current year is to
  select instruments for the mission from
  scientific and technical point of view.
• We would be very interested in participation of
  foreign scientists in this mission, in particular
  we would like to invite American and European
  scientists to participate in proposal and
  selection processes of science instruments.