AIRCRAFT HANDLING

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AIRCRAFT HANDLING
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OBJECTIVES

• MAINTENANCE
• GROUND HANDLING
• PREPARATION FOR FLIGHT
• GENERAL FLYING
• AEROBATICS
• FORMATION FLYING
• AIRCRAFT EMERGENCIES

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CHAPTER 1

• AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE

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MAINTENANCE POLICY OBJECTIVES
Balance of preventive and corrective maintenance

• Operational Objectives
• counter surprise attack
• support intensive flying over a sustained period
• meet needs for NATO our National commitments
• satisfy contingency plans
• meet needs for peacetime tasks (e.g. training,
  humanitarian, etc)

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MAINTENANCE POLICY OBJECTIVES

• Maintenance objectives
• Minimise cost (manpower resources)
• Minimise faults that would
• Hazard an aircraft,
• Affect its operational capability
• Need expensive repairs
• Find ever-better ways of improving reliability
  maintainability

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PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

• Aims
• Reduce probability of failures
• Restore inherent levels of reliability
• Ensure that time use do not effect performance

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PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

• Servicing
• Carried out after a period of use and in
  preparation for the next period of use
• Checking consumables
• Examining for any obvious signs of
  unserviceability (e.g. fuel leaks, excessive oil
  consumption, cracks, corrosion)

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PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

• Scheduled Maintenance
• Carried out at regular predetermined intervals
• Keep the aircraft in a sound overall condition
• Minimise random faults and hence the amount of
  corrective maintenance
• Minimise the amount of day-to-day attention needed

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PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

• Condition-Based Maintenance
• Some parts are monitored continuously.
• Repairs are carried out when a condition needing
  attention is found
• This is done where replacing/fixing an item at
  regular fixed intervals would cost too much

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PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

• Out-of-Phase Maintenance
• Not all parts need servicing at the same time
• Scheduled or condition-based maintenance which is
  needed at interval that do not fit the
  maintenance cycle

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CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE

• Carried out when a fault occurs to make the
  aircraft serviceable again
• Faults are random
• Cannot be planned or timetabled

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CONTINGENCY MAINTENANCE

• In times of conflict it may be necessary to relax
  maintenance standards
• Level of preventive maintenance considered
  essential

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MODIFICATIONS

• Remedy a design fault
• Incorporate new technology
• Only undertaken when authorised, and under
  strictly controlled conditions
• Control costs
• Minimise downtime
• Ensure safety of aircraft

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Aircraft Maintenance Data Form MOD FORM 700
SERIES

• Each aircraft has its own MOD Form 700
• Shows current condition of aircraft
• MOD Form 700 broken down into series of different
  forms
• 701 permitted fuel and oils, basic weight, tyre
  pressures, alignment record, aircraft dimensions
• 703 onboard software log what software is
  loaded into the system(s)
• 725 flying log and fatigue data sheet details
  of each flight and fatigue meter readings
• 725A air to air transactions in-flight
  fuelling
• 705 flight servicing/fuel certificate/captains
  after-flight declaration (note of any faults
  noticed)

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MAINTENANCE RECORDS MOD FORM 700 SERIES

• Info fed into RAFs maintenance data system (MDS)
• MDS can provide, info on defects servicing work
  done
• Allows better use of servicing resources
• MDS has 6 major elements
• Faults
• Modifications
• Manpower utilization
• Task achievement
• Technical costs
• logistics

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Self Assessment 1

• What is the RAFs maintenance policy based on?
• A balance of preventive and corrective
  maintenance
• What is an MOD Form 700?
• Aircraft Maintenance Data Form
• What is an MOD Form 703?
• Onboard Software Log
• What is an MOD Form 705 used for?
• Flight Servicing/Fuel Certificate used for
  certifying flight servicing and fuel states

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CHAPTER 2

• GROUND HANDLING

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SEEING IN SEEING OFF

• Arrivals usually attended by a handling team of 2
  tradesman.
• Team marshals aircraft into a parking area
• When signalled by aircraft captain chocks
  inserted and ground power and ground servicing
  equipment connected
• Fire extinguishers are positioned and manned
  during engine shut- downs
• Aircraft steps positioned and aircrew assisted
  with unstrapping
• Safety devices fitted
• Similar actions in reverse order for departures

The parking area will have been cleared of
foreign objects and non-essential items. This is
to avoid FOD (foreign object damage)
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MARSHALS

• Assist the pilot in safe manoeuvring of the
  aircraft of the ground
• Communicates with the pilot by making visual
  signals with his arms and hands
• More than 70 signals are used in the RAF
• Extent of marshalling depends on
• Pilots knowledge of airfield
• Number of obstructions
• Size of aircraft
• Field of view from cockpit

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MARSHALLING

• DAY
• Marshall identify themselves with energetic
  waving of arms in a circular motion
• Type of marshalling depend on circumstances
• NIGHT
• Depends of lighting available
• Marshal use wands or torches for identification

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MARSHALLING

• RESPONSIBILITY
• It is the responsibility of the pilot for the
  safety of the aircraft
• If marshalling instructions are unsafe he does
  not have to comply

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CHOCKS, SAFETY DEVICES, BLANKS COVERS

• Must be in place whenever aircraft is shut down
  and stationary on the ground
• Unless removed temporarily for maintenance

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DANGER ZONES

• Areas where there is a high risk of injury to
  personnel when aircraft components or systems are
  operated on the ground

• Engine intakes
• Exhausts
• Propellers
• Helicopter rotors

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WHEEL BRAKE FIRES

• Friction between the brake pad and disc, causes
  the disc to heat up
• Brakes can overheat
• prolonged taxiing or
• an abnormal landing
• Causing brake or wheel to catch fire

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MANHANDLING TOWING

• If ground crew need to move the aircraft
• Normally towed using a suitable vehicle
• But may be manhandle if a vehicle is not
  available

Handling party Experience supervisor 1 person in
cockpit to operate brakes 1 person at each
wing Driver for towing vehicle/enough people to
manhandle the aircraft
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PARKING

• Park facing into the wind
• Double chock the wheels
• Release the brakes
• Check electrical services, ignition switches and
  fuel cocks are turned off
• Apply control locks
• Fit pitot static vent covers
• Lock canopies and doors if necessary

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REFUELLING

• Refuelled in accordance with local orders
• Refuelled by
• hand,
• bowsers,
• specially built ground installations, portable
  fuel tanks
• or in-flight from a tanker aircraft

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REFUELLING RISK OF FIRE

• STATIC ELECTRICITY
• The Aircraft must be earthed
• The bowser must be earthed
• A wire connects the aircraft to the delivery hose

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REFUELLING - RISK OF FIRE

• Ensure correct grades if fuel and oil used
• Leave air space in oil tanks for expansion
  frothing
• Never refuel in a hanger
• Filter fuel before it enters the tanks
• No cigarette lighters, non-safety matches, must
  wear rubber/crepe soled shoes
• Avoid fuel spillages
• Work on electronics must not be carried out
  during refuelling

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REFUELLING - RISK OF FIRE

• Must be more than 40m from any aircraft with
  engines running
• No naked lights or flames within 30m
• Refuelling vehicles must be positioned so they
  can be moved quickly
• Suitable fire extinguishers must be ready to use
• Stand only on approved walkways on the aircraft
• Replace filter caps and check they properly
  fitted
• Record details on MOD Form 705

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PRESSURE REFUELLING

• Dramatically reduces refuelling time
• In flight
• The only difference is the filling point

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TYPES OF FUEL

• AVGAS aviation gasoline
• AVTUR aviation turbine fuel (kerosene)
• AVTAG aviation turbine widecut gasoline
• AVCAT aviation turbine fuel, used widely by the
  Royal Navy

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LOADING

• Large aircraft have an air quartermaster
• Responsible for loading and securing of loads
• Ensure that load is evenly distributed and
  securely stowed
• Ensure centre of gravity is within limits

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OVERLOADING

• Increases the stalling speed and landing and
  take-off runs
• Reduces rate of climb
• Reduces range of endurance
• In twin/multi-engined aircraft it may be
  impossible to maintain flight on the event of an
  engine failure
• Lowers the aircrafts ceiling

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SELF ASSESSMENT 2

1. What is FOD?
2. What is the aim of a marshaller?
3. How do marshals identify themselves to pilots?

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SELF ASSESSMENT 2

• Who is responsible for the safety of the
  aircraft?
• What are the responsibilities of an air
  quartermaster?

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CHAPTER 3

• PREPARATION FOR FLIGHT

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AIRCRAFT CAPTAIN