Maxilla bone

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Maxilla bone
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Hamulus
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Hamulus
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Hamulus
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Maxillary tuberosity
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Maxillary tuberosity
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Maxillary tuberosity
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Maxillary sinus/floor of the sinus
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Maxillary sinus/floor of the sinus
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Maxillary sinus/floor of the sinus
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Maxillary sinus
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Septum of maxillary sinus
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Septum of maxillary sinus

• The tendency for the maxillary sinus to
  pneumatize and form multiple lobes may give rise
  to the appearance of radiopaque lines extending
  from the floor of the sinus into the radiolucent
  interior. These white lines represent cortical
  extensions of the wall of the sinus and represent
  the wall of a smaller compartment within the
  sinus. Because these walls subdivide the sinus
  they are termed sinus septa or septum (singular).

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Zygomatic bone
Zygomatic process of Maxilla b.
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Maxilla bone
Zygomatic process of maxilla
Zygomatic bone
Zygomatic arch
Zygomatic process of temporal b.
Temporal bone
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Zygomatic process of Maxilla b.
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Zygomatic process of Maxilla b.
White arrows denote the zygomatic process
(generally over the first molar) Black arrows
delineate the lower border of the zygomatic arch
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Zygomatic arch
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Zygomatic arch
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Nasal fossa
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Nasal fossa
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Nasal fossa
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Nasal fossa
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Anterior nasal spine
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Anterior nasal spine
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Anterior nasal spine
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Median palatal suture
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Median palatal suture
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Median palatal suture

• The mid-palatine suture appears in this central
  incisor periapical projection as a dark, or
  radiolucent, line at the midline (white arrows).
  You can also see the more radiopaque inverted
  triangle at the top of the image that represents
  the anterior nasal spine.

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Median palatal suture
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Incisive nerve foramen
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Incisive nerve foramen

• The incisive foramen is the opening in the
  midline of the palate just posterior to the
  central incisors.

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Incisive foramen
1 - Incisive Foramen 2 - Nasal septum
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Shadow of the nose
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Shadow of the nose
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Shadow of the nose
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Lip line
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Lip line
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Lip line
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Mandible
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Coronoid process
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Coronoid process

• This is the thin triangular prominence off the
  upper part of the mandible

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Coronoid process
Black arrows delineate margin of coronoid process
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Coronoid process
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Inferior alveolar canal
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Inferior alveolar canal

• The mandibular canal extends from the mandibular
  foramen, on the lingual aspect of the ramus,
  through the body of the mandible under the roots
  of the molar teeth.

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Inferior alveolar canal
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Inferior alveolar canal

• The inferior alveolar canal or mandibular canal
  runs from the lingular area of the mandible to
  the mental foramen and radiographically. is
  outlined by thin opaque edges to the canal.  Its
  contents are the inferior alveolar nerve, artery
  and vein.

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External oblique ridge
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External oblique ridge

• The external oblique ridge is a ridge of bone
  located along the facial of the mandible, which
  extends from the superior aspect of the posterior
  body of the mandible down to the necks of the
  molar teeth. It runs in the same direction as the
  internal oblique ridge, but is located on the
  facial, or external surface of the mandible
• To distinguish radiographically between the
  internal and external oblique ridges, note that
  the external ridge is always superior to the
  internal oblique ridge

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Submandibular fossa
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Submandibular fossa

• Directly below the internal oblique ridge is a
  depression in the lingual aspect of the mandible
  called the submandibular fossa. This concavity is
  visible radiographically since the thickness of
  bone is substantially reduced in this area. The
  submandibular fossa is the location of the
  submandibular salivary gland,

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Submandibular fossa
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Genial tubercles
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Genial tubercles

• The genial tubercles are small bony spines found
  on the lingual aspect of the mandible adjacent to
  the midline at the attachment of the geniohyoid
  and genioglossus muscles.

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Genial tubercles
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Mental ridge
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Mental ridge

• The mental ridges are elevated ridges of bone
  located along the anterior aspect of the mandible

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Mental ridge
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Mental ridge
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Tooth and surrounding area
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Lamina dura
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Lamina dura
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Dentin
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Dentin
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Enamel
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Enamel
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Pulp space
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Pulp space
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Periodontal ligament space
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Periodontal ligament space
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Primary tooth
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Other Anatomical Findings
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Boney trabeculation

• Notice the whitish junk down there, chicken
  wire, that is trabeculation, the bony structure
  of most areas.

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Nutrient canals
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Nutrient canals
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Nutrient canals

• Radiographically, nutrient canals appear as
  uniform thin radiolucent lines. The margin of
  these lines is often slightly more radiopaque
  than the adjacent bone. Sometimes these canals
  can be seen running toward the apices of teeth as
  accessory branches of the inferior alveolar
  canal.
• Slightly dark line going up and down between
  teeth, nutrient canals, show up in lower
  anterior, also found in walls of sinuses.

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Chin soft tissue
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Chin soft tissue
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Chin soft tissue

• White arrows delineate border of soft tissues of
  the chin "shelf"

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Basic Pathology
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Mandibular tori
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Mandibular tori

• The rounded protuberances on the lingual
  surfaces of the alveolar process are called
  mandibular tori, or singularly, a mandibular
  torus. This fairly common feature is a hard, bony
  enlargement of the alveolar cortex.

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Mandibular tori
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Mandibular tori
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Occlusal caries
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Anterior carries
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Posterior carries
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Caries
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Attrition
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Attrition
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Cervical Abrasion
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Cervical Abrasion
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Periapical radiolucency
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Pulp stone
Sperical calcification within the dental pulp
lying free or attached to the pulpal surface of
the tooth.
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Osteosclerosis/sclerotic bone
Here an irregular radiopacity extends from the
crest to the inferior alveolar canal between the
molars.  Two small areas of radiolucency are in
it, one just below the crestal cortex.
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Sclerosed Socket
Residual socket has a sclerotic or radiopaque
appearance relative to surrounding marrow. 
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Impacted teeth
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Retained root tip
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Foreign Objects
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Surgical hardware
Retention pin
Post and core
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Jewelry
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Calculus
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Restorations
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Amalgam

• Completely radiopaque

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Porcelain

• Appears slightly radiopaque with a thin out line
  of the tooth preparaton due to the cement
  securing restoration

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Base/liner

• Some base and pulp capping materials contain
  Barium Sulfate or similar radiopaque materials

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Endodontic treatment
Gutta percha
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Composite

• Tend to be radiolucent and simulate caries

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Stainless Steel Crown

• Less radiopaque than gold, contour and shape
  usually does not follow tooth anatomy since it is
  usually a temporary restoration

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PFM Crown

• The metal portion appears as a totally radiopaque
  center and the porcelain appears slightly
  radiopaque around the occlusal, incisal, and
  sometimes visible on cervical areas

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Gold Crown

• Radiopaque approximately same density as amalgum,
  totally opaque, usually follows contour of teeth
  and smooth borders

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Film orientation dot
If it bumps up, you are looking at correct
orientation, but as a dimple, you are looking at
backside of the film. Thats how you determine
if you are looking at front or back of film, and
to know if you are looking at right or left side
of the mouth.
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Overlapping contacts
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Bend in film
                                            
                                           
Black linear lines or artifacts or black
crescent-shaped creases would be seen on the
processed radiograph. These black artifacts occur
because there is a break in the emulsion before
the film is processed.
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Cone cut
In a partial image part of the film is clear.
This is due to exposure error.
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Static electricity
Static electricity presents as tree-like marks.
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Credits

• http//www.unc.edu/jbl/norm-anat-start.html
• http//www.dent.ucla.edu/sod/depts/oral_rad/course
  s/DS451c/topic2/
• http//tunxis.commnet.edu/common/faculty/turcotte/
  radio_restorations.pdf