MARINE PROCESSES

1
MARINE PROCESSES

• Chapters 13 15
• Test 1 Material
• End

2
OCEANOGRAPHY

• STUDY OF ALL ASPECTS OF THE WORLD OCEAN
• OCEAN MAKES UP 71 OF TOTAL EARTH SURFACE
• AVERAGE DEPTH OF OCEAN IS ABOUT 12,500 FEET

3
Oceans
4
SALINITY

• PROPORTION OF DISSOLVED SALTS TO PURE WATER
• EXPRESSED IN PARTS PER THOUSAND
• THE AVERAGE OCEAN SALINITY IS 35 PARTS PER
  THOUSAND

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SEA SALTS

• SODIUM CHLORIDE
• MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE
• SODIUM SULFATE
• CALCIUM CHLORIDE
• POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
• SODIUM BICARBONATE
• HYDROGEN BORATE, STRONTIUM CHLORIDE, SODIUM
  FLUORIDE

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SOURCES FOR SEA SALTS

• CHEMICAL WEATHERING OF ROCKS
• EARTHS INTERIOR BY OUTGASSING
• DESALINATION - REMOVING SALTS TO GET FRESH WATER

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3 LAYERS OF OCEAN BASED ON TEMPERATURE-SALINITY

• SURFACE MIXED ZONE - WARMEST TEMPS
• TRANSITION ZONE
• DEEP ZONE - WHERE TEMPS ARE NOT MUCH ABOVE
  FREEZING

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MAPPING THE OCEAN FLOOR

• ECHO SOUNDER - SONAR
• VELOCITY OF SOUND WAVES IN WATER IS ABOUT 1500
  METERS PER SECOND. DIVIDE TOTAL TIME BY 2 TO
  CALCULATE DEPTH
• 10 seconds X 1500 meters 15,000/2 7,500
  meters deep

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3 MAJOR UNITS OF OCEAN TOPOGRAPHY

• CONTINENTAL MARGINS
• DEEP-OCEAN BASINS
• MID-OCEAN RIDGES

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CONTINENTAL MARGIN TYPES

• PASSIVE - NOT ASSOCIATED WITH PLATE BOUNDARIES -
  CONTINENTAL SHELF, CONTINENTAL SLOPE, CONTINENTAL
  RISE, DEEP SEA FAN
• ACTIVE - SUBDUCTION ZONES, VERY LITTLE
  CONTINENTAL SHELF

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PASSIVE MARGIN
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ACTIVE MARGIN
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OCEAN BASIN FLOOR

• DEEP-OCEAN TRENCHES
• ABYSSAL PLAINS
• SEAMOUNTS

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MID-OCEAN RIDGES

• MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE SYSTEM
• RIFT VALLEYS

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ESTUARIES

• PARTIALLY ENCLOSED COASTAL WATER BODY THAT IS
  CONNECTED TO THE OCEAN
• GREAT BIODIVERSITY

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THE LITTORAL ZONE

• COASTAL ENVIRONMENT FROM HIGHEST WATER LINE
  ONSHORE TO THE SEA WHERE STORM WAVES CAN NO
  LONGER MOVE SEDIMENT DUE TO OCEAN DEPTH (200 FEET)

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The littoral zone
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MEAN SEA LEVEL

• AVERAGE TIDAL LEVELS RECORDED HOURLY AT A GIVEN
  SITE OVER MANY YEARS
• EUSTATIC CHANGES (CHANGE IN AMOUNT OF TOTAL
  WATER)
• TECTONIC CHANGES (CHANGE DUE TO RISE OR FALL OF
  LAND)

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SEA MOTIONS

• WAVES
• CURRENTS
• TIDES

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WAVES

• ROUGHEN THE WATER SURFACE

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CURRENTS

• COLD AND WARM WATER STREAMS THAT FLOW FASTER THAN
  THE SURFACE WATER

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TIDES

• DAILY RISE AND FALL OF THE SEA SURFACE

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HOW ARE TIDES PRODUCED?

• GRAVITATIONAL ATTRACTION OF THE SUN AND MOON
• CENTRIFUGAL FORCE OF THE EARTH/MOON SYSTEM AS IT
  REVOLVES AROUND THE SUN

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TYPES OF TIDES

• EBB TIDE
• FLOOD TIDE
• TIDAL RANGE
• SPRING TIDE - GREATEST TIDAL RANGE
• NEAP TIDE - LEAST TIDAL RANGE
• TIDAL BORE ON BAY OF FUNDY 70 FEET TIDAL RANGE

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WAVE ANATOMY

• CREST
• TROUGH
• HEIGHT
• LENGTH
• PERIOD

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FORCED WAVES

• CREATED BY WIND
• SIZE OF THE WAVE HEIGHT IS RELATED TO THE SPEED
  OF THE WIND

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SEISMIC WAVES

• TSUNAMI
• CAUSED BY EARTHQUAKES, LANDSLIDES, VOLCANOES
• OPEN SEA HAVE HEIGHT OF 3 FEET BUT LENGTH OF 60
  MILES
• SPEEDS UP TO 500 MPH

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TSUNAMI
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WAVE REFRACTION

• MOST WAVES APPROACH SHORELINE AT AN ANGLE. AS
  THEY NEAR SHALLOW WATER THEY BEND AND BECOME
  PARALLEL TO THE SHORE

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HEADLAND

• HEAD OF LAND EXTENDING OUTWARD FROM SHORE
• FIRST LANDFORM FEATURE TO ERRODE

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LONGSHORE CURRENT

• PRODUCED BY WAVE REFRACTION
• RUNS PARALLEL TO SHORELINE

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WAVE BREAK

• INCOMING WAVES DECREASE IN LENGTH AND INCREASE IN
  HEIGHT
• AS HEIGHT INCREASES THE SPEED DECREASES
• WAVES REACH A BREAKING POINT AND COLLAPSE DUE TO
  LACK OF SUPPORT FROM WATER BELOW

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TYPES OF BREAKERS

• COLLAPSING (MASS OF FOAM)
• SPILLING (GRADUAL DOWNWARD SLIDE)
• PLUNGING (CREST SHOOTS FORWARD) - SURFERS WAVE
  DUDE!

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COASTAL EROSION

• SEA CLIFFS FORMED BY UNDERCUTTING OF SEA
• WAVE-CUT PLATFORM IS A HORIZONTAL BENCH EXTENDING
  FROM CLIFF OUT TO SEA
• SEA CAVE
• SEA ARCH SEA STACK

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Coastal erosion
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SEA CLIFF
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SEA CAVE
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SEA STACK
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DEPOSITIONAL FEATURES

• MOST MATERIAL ALONG BEACHES COMES FROM RIVERS AND
  STREAMS FLOWING INTO SEA. THE LONGSHORE CURRENT
  TAKES THIS MATERIAL AND DEPOSITS IT ALONG THE
  SHORELINE

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DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS

• SPIT
• BAYMOUTH BAR
• TOMBOLO
• BARRIER ISLAND

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BARRIER ISLANDS

• SPITS SEVERED FROM MAINLAND
• SAND PILED UP DURING STORM
• SAND DUNE REMAINS WHEN SEA LEVEL WAS LOWER

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MANS ATTEMPT TO CONTROL EROSION

• JETTY
• GROIN
• BREAKWATER
• SEAWALL
• BEACH NOURISHMENT - VIRGINIA BEACH 30,000 TRUCK
  LOADS OF SAND

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JETTIES
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JETTY
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GROIN
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HARBOR - BREAKWATER
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SEAWALL
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BEACH FILL - NOURISHMENT
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CORAL REEF COASTS

• CORAL ARE SIMPLE MARINE ANIMALS WITH A SMALL
  SAC-LIKE BODY
• SECRETE CALCIUM CARBONATE
• NEED LIGHT SO YOU NEVER FIND THEM BELOW A DEPTH
  OF 150-180 FEET BELOW SEA LEVEL

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CORAL

• NEED WATER TEMPERATURES ABOVE 65 DEGREES F
• NEED CLEAR WATER
• LIVE SYMBIOTICALLY WITH SIMPLE ALGAE

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LONELY PLANET PHOTO
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TYPES OF CORAL REEFS

• FRINGING REEF
• BARRIER REEF
• ATOLL

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ATOLLS
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TEST REVIEW

• HOW WILL YOU DO ON THE EXAM?

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NEWTONS FIRST LAW OF MOTION DEALT WITH

• GRAVITY
• KINETIC ENERGY
• INERTIA
• NONE OF THESE
• CORRECT RESPONSE ?
• INERTIA

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SEA SALT SOURCES INCLUDE ALL BUT?

• CHEMICAL WEATHERING OF ROCKS
• EARTHS INTERIOR OUTGASSING
• TRANSPIRATION OF OCEAN PLANTS
• ALL OF THESE
• CORRECT RESPONSE
• TRANSPIRATION OF OCEAN PLANTS

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RIDGE OF SAND THAT CONNECTS ISLAND/ LAND

• SPIT
• BAYMOUTH BAR
• TOMBOLO
• BARRIER ISLAND
• CORRECT RESPONSE?
• TOMBOLO

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EUSTATIC CHANGE IN SEA LEVEL IS DUE TO?

• RISING LAND
• FALLING LAND
• CHANGE IN TOTAL AMOUNT WATER
• NONE OF THESE
• CORRECT RESPONSE
• CHANGE IN TOTAL AMOUNT OF WATER

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MODERN SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE UNIVERSE IS ?

• COSMOGRAPHY
• ASTROLOGY
• ASTRONOMY
• METEOROLOGY
• CORRECT RESPONSE?
• ASTRONOMY

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FIRST PERSON TO MEASURE SIZE OF THE EARTH WAS?

• ARISTARCHUS
• ERASTOTHENES
• HIPPARCHUS
• PTOLEMY
• CORRECT RESPONSE?
• ERASTOTHENES

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WHICH IS NOT TRUE OF JOVIAN PLANETS?

• THEY ARE THE GIANT PLANETS
• HAVE THICK ATMOSPHERES
• LARGE AMOUNTS OF DENSE ROCKY METALLIC MINERALS
• MORE MOONS THAN TERRESTRIALS
• CORRECT RESPONSE?
• DENSE ROCKY METALLIC MINERALS

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NOT A MAJOR UNIT OF OCEAN TOPOGRAPHY?

• CONTINENTAL MARGINS
• TRANSITION ZONE
• DEEP-OCEAN BASINS
• MID-OCEAN RIDGES
• CORRECT RESPONSE?
• TRANSITION ZONE

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WAVES BECOME PARALLEL TO THE SHORE DUE TO?

• WAVE CREST
• WAVE TROUGH
• WAVE PERIOD
• WAVE REFRACTION
• CORRECT RESPONSE?
• WAVE REFRACTION