Title: Problems in
1Problems in Water Supply, Sanitation Hygiene
Promotion (WASH)
2.1
Irish Aid photo
ICRC photo
2Problem 1 In large scale emergencies,
particularly those resulting in mass
displacement, there simply isnt enough water
readily available.
FAO photo
3Whats wrong with this picture?
If this pump can deliver 2 cu.m. of water per
day, how many people can it adequately serve if
there is no other source of water available?
A. If you assume 15 l/p/d 333 people.
Q. Why?
Photo - www.lifewater.ca/kardia.htm
41 m3 of water 1 metric ton
1 cube -10 cm X 10 cm X10 cm 1 litre
5Problem 2 In many disasters where enough water
is readily available, it isnt safe to drink.
OFDA photo
6All surface water is considered to be contaminated
UNICEF photo
7Problem 3 Emergency water distribution
systems, especially for camps, are often badly
designed for ongoing, daily use.
OXFAM photo
Long queues for water are common.
8Choose the best equipment for a rural emergency
camps water system from the selection below.
Tap A
Tap B
Tap C
Water Carrier C
Water Carrier B
Water Carrier A
9Problem 4 Drainage, Drainage, Drainage!
Camp Hope, June 14, 1999
Camp Hope, June 22 , 1999
10Which hectare (A-L) of this site is most suitable
for a tent camp, Based on site slope only?
Tree cover
630
A
B
C
D
Marsh
620
River
610
Intermittent stream
E
F
G
H
Paved road
610
619
Building
I
J
K
L
Elevation in 2m increments
610
0m 100m 200m
300m 400m
11Problem 5 In mass population emergencies
involving displacement to crowded areas,people
defecate everywhere, quickly contaminating the
site.
12Problem 6 Garbage piles attract rats and flies
which pose serious threats to public health.
13Problem 7 Often, even when there are enough
latrines provided, they are not used.
Why?
MSF photo
14VIP latrines are a world-wide standard...
Dominican Republic
Pakistan
Zimbabwe
Mexico
15See Appropriate and adequate toilet facilities,
pages 107- 109 in 2011 edition
Vent pipe
Fly screen!
Dark inside
Removeable hole cover
Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrine
in use
16Vector Control
Basically - 1. reduce vectors through waste
management and site drainage 2. Prevent mosquito
bites through provision of bednets 3. Use
chemicals only with expert guidance and always
with extreme caution
17Problem 8 Poor living conditions, lack of
adequate water and soap, along with poor utensils
and containers lead to recontamination of clean
water and food at the household level.
UNHCR photo
18Whats wrong with this picture?
19Problem 9 The scope, scale, and speed of the
emergency situation overwhelms sanitation needs
BBC photo
20WHEN TIME IS OF THE ESSENCE.
- What can be done immediately (hours and days) to
reduce risks of dehydration and disease? - What can be done in the short - term (days and
weeks)? - What can be done in the medium term (weeks and
months)? - What can be done for the long term (months and
years?)?
See the Handout. An Emergency Sanitation
Problem
21FIRST HOURS AND DAYS
- Water
- bottled water distribution
- tankering w/ bladder tanks
- treatment sachets for surface water sources
- jerry cans and containers with purifying tablets
UNHCR
- Sanitation
- Protection of water sources
- marked defecation areas
- signage and wardens to police sanitation
situation - soap
22FIRST DAYS AND WEEKS
- Water
- tankering w/ bladder tanks
- hard tanks distribution systems
- jerry cans and containers with purifying tablets
IFRC photo
- Sanitation
- Protection of water sources
- marked defecation trenches or communal latrines
- signage and wardens to police sanitation
situation - soap
- education campaign
23FIRST WEEKS AND MONTHS
- Water
- tankering only to meet gaps
- wells where possible
- purification systems where needed
- hard tanks extended distribution systems
- jerry cans
IRC
- Sanitation
- Protection of water sources
- family latrines or increased numbers of community
latrines - community sanitation teams
- Solid waste disposal system
- soap
Butyl Products
MSF
24FIRST MONTHS AND YEARS
- Water
- tankering only to meet gaps
- improved wells where possible
- purification systems where needed
- maintenance of hard tanks extended
distribution systems - jerry cans
Butyl Products
- Sanitation
- Protection of water sources
- Soakaways at water points
- family latrines (VIP type)
- community sanitation teams
- Solid waste disposal system
- soap
25CONCLUSION
Conclusions
The water and sanitation sector is so critical to
public health that these needs must be addressed
competently if humanitarian assistance in any
sector is to succeed. Community involvement is
critical in this regard.
AusAid photo