Today

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Todays Agenda

• Ch. 2/3 Guided Reading
• http//guardians.net/egypt/kids/index.htmfeatures
• http//www.leicestermuseums.ac.uk/discoveryzone/eg
  ypt_explorer/mask.htm
• http//www.akrondesign.com/foundation/images/items
  /Pharaohmask.jpg
• http//www.touregypt.net
• http//www.cbc.ca/story/arts/national/2006/05/12/m
  ummy-mask.html
• www.papiermache.co.uk/i/gallery/items/13_egyptian_
  m.jpg

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Main Idea

• Two Empires along the Nile, Egypt and Nubia,
  forged commercial, cultural, and political
  connections.
• Why It Matters Now
• Neighboring civilizations today participate in
  cultural exchange as well as conflict.

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Terms Names

1. Thebes 8. Tribute
2. Ahmose 9. Incense
3. Hatshepsut
4. Thutmose III
5. Akhenaton
6. Tutankhamen
7. Ramses II

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The Middle Kingdom

• About 2300 BC, the pharaohs lost control of Egypt
  as nobles battled one another for power.
• Almost 200 years of confusion followed.
• Finally, a new dynasty of pharaohs came to power
  and moved their capital to the city of Thebes.
• They restored order and stability during this
  period known as the Middle Kingdom.

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Golden Age

• The Middle Kingdom lasted from about 2050 to 1670
  BC.
• During this time, Egyptians enjoyed a golden age
  of stability, prosperity, and achievement.

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The Drive for More Land

• During the Middle Kingdom, Egypt took control of
  new lands.
• Soldiers captured Nubia to the south and attacked
  what is now Syria.
• The conquered peoples sent tribute, or forced
  payments, to the Egyptian pharaoh, enriching the
  kingdom.

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Infrastructure

• Egyptian pharaohs added more waterways and dams.
• They increased the amount of land being farmed
  and built a canal between the Nile River and the
  Red Sea.

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The Arts Blossom

• During the Middle Kingdom, arts, literature, and
  architecture thrived.
• Painters covered the walls of tombs and temples
  with colorful scenes of the deities and daily
  life.
• Sculptors created large wall carvings and statues
  of the pharaohs, showing them as ordinary people
  rather than godlike figures.
• Poets wrote love songs and tributes to the
  pharaohs.

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Valley of the Kings

• A new form of architecture was also created.
• Instead of building pyramids, pharaohs had their
  tombs cut into cliffs west of the Nile River.
• This area became known as the Valley of the Kings.

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The Valley of the Kings

• Like the rulers of the Old Kingdom, who built the
  towering pyramids, rulers of the New Kingdom
  erected grand buildings.
• In search of security in the afterlifeand
  protection form grave robbersthey hid their
  splendid tombs beneath desert cliffs.
• They chose a remote site near the city of Thebes
  called the Valley of the Kings.

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The Valley of the Kings
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The Hyksos

• The Middle Kingdom came to an end in 1670 BC.
• Nobles were again plotting to take power from the
  pharaohs.
• Egypt also faced a serious threat from outside.
• A people known as the Hyksos, from western Asia,
  attacked Asia.

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Weapons Advantage

• The Hyksos were mighty warriors.
• They crossed the desert in horse-drawn chariots
  and used weapons made of bronze and iron.
• Egyptians had always fought on foot with copper
  and stone weapons which were no match for the
  invaders.

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Hyksos
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Ahmose

• The Hyksos ruled Egypt for about 150 years until
  around 1550 BC.
• An Egyptian prince named Ahmose led an uprising
  that drove the Hyksos out of Egypt.

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The Hyksos

• The Hyksos ruled Egypt from about 1640-1550 BC.
• The Hyksos invasion shook the Egyptians
  confidence in the desert barriers that had
  protected their kingdom.

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Hebrews Migrate to Egypt

• During the Hyksos rule, some historians believe
  that another Asiatic group, the Hebrews, settled
  in Egypt.
• According to the Bible, Abraham and his family
  first crossed the Euphrates River and came to
  Canaan around 1800 BC.
• Then around 1650 BC, the descendants of Abraham
  moved againthis time to Egypt.

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Hebrews in Egypt

• Some historians believe that the Hyksos
  encouraged the Hebrews to settle there because
  the two groups were racially similar.
• The Egyptians resented the presence of the Hyksos
  in their land but were power-less to remove them.

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The Fall of the Hyksos

• The next Pharaoh, Kamose, won a great victory
  over the hated Hyksos. His successor drove the
  Hyksos completely out of Egypt and pursued them
  across the Sinai Peninsula into Palestine.
• According to some biblical scholars, the Hebrews
  remained in Egypt and were enslaved and forced
  into hard labor. They would not leave Egypt
  until sometime between 1500-1200 BC.

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Hatshepsuts Prosperous Rule

• Among the rulers of the New Kingdom, Hatshepsut,
  who declared herself pharaoh around 1480 BC, was
  unique.
• She took over because her nephew, the male heir
  to the throne, was a child at the time.
• Unlike other New Kingdom rulers, Hatshepsut spent
  most of her time encouraging trade rather than
  just waging war.

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Hatshepsut
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Hatshepsut

• The trading expedition Hatshepsut ordered to the
  Land of Punt, near present-day Somalia, was
  particularly successful.
• Hatshepsut sent a fleet of five ships down the
  Red Sea to Punt in search of Myrrh, frankincense,
  and fragrant ointments used for religious
  ceremonies and in cosmetics.
• The fleet also brought back gold, ivory, and
  unusual plants and animal skins.

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Expedition to Punt
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Hatshepsuts Reign

• Hatshepsut was an excellent ruler of out-standing
  achievement who made Egypt more prosperous.
• Some of this wealth was used to build monuments.
• She planned a tomb for herself in the Valley of
  the Kings.
• Carved reliefs on the walls of the temple reveal
  the glories of her reign.

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Hatshepsuts Temple
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Thutmose the Empire Builder

• Hatshepsuts nephew, Thutmose III, proved to be a
  much more warlike ruler.
• In his eagerness to ascend to the throne,
  Thutmose III may have murdered Hatshepsut.
• He led a number of victorious invasions into
  Palestine and Syria.
• His armies also pushed farther south into Nubia.
  Egypt had traded with Nubia and influenced the
  region since the time of the Middle Kingdom.

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Egyptian Empire

• Thutmoses empire grew rich from trade and
  tribute.
• Conquered peoples were forced to send gold,
  copper, ivory, and other valuables along with
  enslaved people.
• These captives were put to work rebuilding
  Thebes.
• They filled the city with beautiful palaces,
  temples, and monuments.

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Slavery

• Slavery had not been widespread in Egypt before.
• During the New Kingdom it became more common.
• Enslaved people did have the right to own
  property, marry, and eventually be granted their
  freedom.

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Amenhotep IV

• About 1370 BC, Amenhotep IV came to the throne.
• With the help of his wife, Nefertiti, Amenhotep
  tried to lead Egypt in a new direction.
• He realized that Egypts priests were gaining
  power at the expense of the pharaohs.

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Religious Reform

• In an attempt to maintain his own power,
  Amenhotep introduced a new religion that swept
  away the old gods and goddesses.
• Instead, only one god, called Aton, was to be
  worshipped.
• When Egypts priests resisted these changes,
  Amenhotep removed many from their positions,
  seized their lands, and closed temples.

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Akhenaton

• He changed his name to Akhenaton, which means
  Spirit of Aton.
• Akhenaton also moved the capital.
• To most Egyptians, Akhenatons attacks on the
  gods seemed to be an attack on Egypt.
• They refused to accept Aton as the only god.

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Rebel King

• Akhenaton became so devoted to his new religion
  that he neglected his duties as pharaoh.
• The administrators he appointed were not as
  experienced as the priests they replaced, and
  Akhenaton took no action when enemies from what
  is now Turkey, the Hittites, attacked Egypt.

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The Boy King

• When Akhenaton died, his son-in-law inherited the
  throne.
• The new pharaoh, Tutankhamen, was a boy about 10
  years old.
• He relied on palace officials and priests, who
  convinced him to restore the old religion.
• After ruling for only 9 years, Tutankhamen died
  unexpectedly.

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King Tuts Legacy

• Whether he was murdered or suffered from a fall
  is not clear.
• King Tut played only a small role in Egypts
  history.
• He is one of the best known pharaohs in Egypts
  history because his tomb was discovered by Howard
  Carter in 1922.
• The tomb contained the kings mummy and
  incredible treasures.

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The End of the New Kingdom

• During the 1200s BC, pharaohs worked to make
  Egypt great again.
• The most effective of these pharaohs was Ramses
  II.
• He reigned for 66 years, from 1279 to 1213 BC.
• During this time, Egyptian armies regained lands
  in western Asia and rebuilt the empire.

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The Age of Builders

• The pharaohs of this period built royal tombs,
  great palaces, and magnificent temples.
• The Royal title pharaoh means great house and
  comes from this time period.
• Ramses II stood out among the great builders of
  the New Kingdom.
• Many new temples were built by enslaved prisoners
  of war.

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Temples

• Egyptian temples did not hold regular services.
• Most Egyptians prayed at home and considered
  temples to be houses for the gods and goddesses.
• Priests and priestesses performed daily temple
  rituals, washing statues of the deities and
  bringing them food.

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Luxor Karnak

• The temples also served as banks.
• Egyptians used them to store valuable items, such
  as gold jewelry, sweet-smelling oils, and finely
  woven cloth.

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Karnak and Luxor

• At Karnak, he added to a monumental temple to
  Amon-Re, Egypts chief god.
• Ramses also ordered a temple to be carved into
  the red sandstone cliffs above the Nile River at
  Abu Simbel.
• He had these temples decorated with enormous
  statues of himself. The ears of these statues
  alone measured more that three feet.

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Abu Simbel
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The New Kingdom
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The Egyptians and the Hittites

• The Egyptians conquest of parts of Syria and
  Palestine around 1400 BC, brought them into
  conflict with the Hittites.
• The Hittites had moved into Asia Minor around
  1900 BC, and later expanded south into Palestine.
• After several smaller battles, the Egyptians and
  Hittites clashed at Kadesh around 1285 BC.

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The Battle of Kadesh

• The pharaoh, Ramses II, and a Hittite king later
  made a treaty that promised peace and
  brotherhood between us forever.
• Their alliance lasted for the rest of the
  century.

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The Empire Declines

• The empire that Thutmose III had built and Ramses
  II had ruled slowly came apart after 1200 BC as
  other strong civilizations rose to challenge
  Egypts power.
• Shortly after Ramses died, the entire eastern
  Mediterranean suffered a wave of invasions.

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Invasion By Sea

• Both the Egyptian empire and the Hittite kingdom
  were attacked by invaders called the Sea
  Peoples in Egyptian texts.
• These invaders may have included the Philistines,
  who are often mentioned in the Bible. Whom ever
  they were, they caused great destruction.

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The Sea Peoples
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Invasion By Land

• The Egyptians faced other attacks. In the east,
  the tribes of Palestine often rebelled against
  their Egyptian overlords.
• In the west, the vast desert no longer served as
  a barrier against Libyan raids on Egyptian
  villages.

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Egypts Empire Fades

• After these invasions, Egypt never recovered its
  previous power.
• The Egyptian empire broke apart into regional
  units, and numerous small kingdoms arose. Each
  was eager to protect its independence.
• Almost powerless, Egypt soon fell to its
  neighbors invasions.

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Libyan Invasion

• Libyans crossed the desert to the Nile Delta.
  There they established independent dynasties.
• From around 950 to 730 BC, Libyan pharaohs ruled
  Egypt and erected cities. But instead of
  imposing their own culture, the Libyans adopted
  the Egyptian way of life.
• When the Nubians came north to seize power, they
  too adopted Egyptian culture.

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The Kushites Conquer Egypt

• For centuries Egypt dominated Nubia and the
  Nubian kingdom of Kush, which lasted for about a
  thousand years, between 2000 and 1000 BC.
• During this time, Egyptian armies raided and even
  occupied Kush for a brief period. But as Egypt
  fell into decline during the Hyksos period, Kush
  began to emerge as a regional power.
• Nubia now established its own Kushite dynasty on
  the throne of Egypt.

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Kingdom of Kush
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The People of Nubia

• Nubia lay south of Egypt between the first
  cataract of the Nile, an area of churning rapids,
  and the division of the river into the Blue Nile
  and the White Nile.
• Despite several cataracts around which boats had
  to carried, the Nile provided the best
  north-south trade route.
• Several Nubian kingdoms, including Kush, served
  as a trade corridor.

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The People of Nubia

• The Nubian kingdoms linked Egypt and the
  Mediterranean world to the interior of Africa and
  to the Red Sea.
• Goods and ideas flowed back and forth along the
  river for centuries.
• The first Nubian kingdom, Kerma, arose shortly
  after 2000 BC.

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The Interaction of Egypt and Nubia

• With Egypts revival during the New Kingdom,
  pharaohs forced Egyptian rule on Kush.
• Egyptian governors, priests, soldiers, and
  artists strongly influenced the Nubians.
• Kushs capital, Napata, became the center for the
  spread of Egyptian culture to Kushs other
  African trading partners.

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Kushite Education

• Kushite princes went to Egypt. They learned the
  Egyptian language and worshipped Egyptian gods.
  They adopted the customs and clothing styles of
  the Egyptian upper class.
• When they returned home, the Kushite nobles
  brought back royal rituals and hierogylphic
  writing.

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Egypts Decline

• With Egypts decline, beginning about 1200 BC,
  Kush regained its independence.
• The Kushites viewed themselves as more suitable
  guardians of Egyptian values than the Libyans.
  They sought to guard these values by conquering
  Egypt and ousting its Libyan rulers.

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Piankhi Captures the Egypt

• In 751 BC, A Kushite king named Piankhi overthrew
  the Libyan dynasty that had ruled Egypt for over
  200 years.
• He united the entire Nile River Valley from the
  delta in the north to Napata in the south.
• Piankhi and his descendants became Egypts 25th
  Dynasty. After his victory, Piankhi erected a
  monument in his homeland of Kush with an
  inscription that celebrated his victory.

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The Assyrians

• Piankhis dynasty was short-lived. In 671 BC,
  the Assyrians, a war-like people from southwest
  Asia, conquered Egypt.
• The Kushites fought bravely, but they were forced
  to retreat south along the Nile.
• There the Kushites would experience a golden age,
  despite their loss of Egypt.

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The Golden Age of Meroë

• After their defeat by the Assyrians, the Kushite
  royal family eventually moved south to Meroë.
• Meroë lay closer lay closer to the Red Sea than
  Napta did, and so became active in the
  flourishing trade among Africa, Arabia, and India.

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Ruins of Meroë
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The Wealth of Kush

• Kush used the natural resources around Meroë and
  thrived for several hundred years.
• Unlike the Egyptian cities along the Nile, Meroë
  enjoyed significant rainfall. And, unlike Egypt,
  Meroë boasted a major center for the
  manufacturing of iron weapons and tools.

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The Decline of Meroë

• After four centuries of prosperity, from about
  250 BC, to 150 AD, Meroë began to decline.
• Aksum contributed to Meroës fall. With a
  seaport on the Red Sea, Aksum came to dominate
  North African trade.
• Aksum defeated Meroë around 350 AD.

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Aksum