Environmental Modeling

1
????? 3

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????

2
????????????????????????????

• Noise ??????????
• ?????????????????????
• ????????????????????????
• ??????????????????? ????????????????
• Sound
• ????????????????????????????? (???? ???????
  ???????) ????? ?????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????? ????? ?????????????

3
????????????????????????????

• ????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????? gt
  ???? lt ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??

4
????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????
5
??????????????????????????????

• ???????????

6
??????????????????????????

• ????????????????????????? Condensation ?? gt
  ????
• ????????????????????????? Rarefaction ?? lt
  ????
• ????? plot graph ??????? Sine curve
• ?????????????????????? Sine wave

7
(No Transcript)
8
????? 2 ????????????????????????http//www.umanito
ba.ca/faculties/arts/linguistics/russell/138/sec4/
acoust1.htm
300 Hz                                          
              
500 Hz                                          
              
9
??????????????????????????

• ???????????? (P)
• ?????????????????????????????????? P ????????
  ???????????????????
• ???????????? (?)
• ?????????????????????????????????? 2
  ????????????????????
• ??????????????? (f)
• ????????????????? ???????????????????????????????
  ?????????????

10
??????????????????????????

• ??? (T)
• ????????????????? 1 ???
• Amplitude (A)
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????
• ???????????????? (I)
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????? ????????????????????????

11
???????????????????????????????????????????

• Free field I P2rms/ ?c
  Diffuse field I P2rms/ 4?c
• ?c
  ?????????????????????????????????
• Intensity Level IL 10 log( I/I0)
• I0 ??????????????? 10-12 W/m2
• I ???????????????????????????

12
???????????????????????????????????????????

• PWL 10 log W/W0 W0
  ???????????????????????????? 10-12 W
• SPL 10 log (P2 /P0 2 )
  
• P0 ????????????????????????????
• 0.00002 Pa 20 µPa

13
????????????????????????????????????????? 2 ????

• ??????????? 2 ???? P1 , P2
• P??? P1 P2
• P2 ??? P21 2 P1 P2 P22
• ????????????????????? P1 P2 0
• SPL ??? 10
  log (P12 /P0 2 P22 /P0 2 )
• ??? P1 P2

14
????????????????????????????????????????? 2 ????

• SPL ??? 10 log (2P12 /P2 2 )
• 10 log (P12 /P2 2 ) 10 log 2
• SPL 1 10 (0.3010 )
• SPL 1 3 dB

15
?????????????????????????????????????????

• ??????????? 2 ????? P ?????????? ????????
  110 dB ??? 35 dB
• ???????? SPL 10 log (P12 /P0 2)
• 110 10 log (P12 /P0 2)
• log (P12 /P0 2) 11
• P12 /P0 2 1011

16
?????????????????????????????????????????

• ??????????? 35 10 log (P22 /P0 2)
• P12 /P0 2 103.5
• SPL ??? 10 log (P12 /P0 2 P22 /P0
  2 )
• 10 log (1011 103.5)
• 110 dB

17
Source of sound Sound pressure SPL
  pascal dB
Theoretical limit for a sound wave at1 atm environmental pressure 101,325 194
krakatoa explosion at 160 km in air 20,000 180
Jet engine at 30 m 630 150
Rifle being fired at 1 m 200 140
Threshold of pain 100 130
Hearing damage (due to short-term exposure) 20 approx. 120
Jet at 100 m 6 200 110 140
Jack hammer at 1 m 2 approx. 100
Hearing damage (due to long-term exposure) 610-1 approx. 85
Major road at 10 m 210-1 610-1 80 90
Car at 10 m 210-2 210-1 60 80
TV (set at home level) at 1 m 210-2 approx. 60
Normal talking at 1 m 210-3 210-2 40 60
Very calm room 210-4 610-4 20 30
Leaves rustling, calm breathing 610-5 10
Auditory threshold at 2 kHz 210-5 0
18
????????????????????????????????????????
19
???????????????

• ?????????
• pinna, ear canal, surface of ear drum)
• ??????????
• ???????? ear drum (tympanic membrane)
• ear bones 3 ???? ???? ossicles malleus (hammer),
  incus (anvil) ??? stapes (stirrup)
• ????????
• cochlea, vestibule, and semi-circular canals
• organ of hearing (cochlea)
• sense organ ????????????????????????????????
  (labyrinth ???? vestibular apparatus).

20
????
21
??????? (Loudness)

• ???????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  frequency ????????
• ????????????????????????
• Phon
• ???????????????????????????????????????? 1000 Hz
• ????????????????????????? Phon ??? f 1000 Hz
  ??? SPL

22
(No Transcript)
23
??????? (Loudness)

• SPL 50 dB f 1000 Hz ? Phon
• ?????????????????????????? f 50 Hz SPL ?
• ?????????????????????????? SPL 42 dB f ?

24
????????????????????????? ?

• A ??????????????
• B ?????????????????
• A ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????? B ?

SPL ???????
25
??????????????? (Weighted sound level)

• ?????????? Frequency ??????? ?????????????????
• ??? f ??? ??????
  ???????????????????
• ???????????????
• ?????????? flat
• ???????????????????? A ??????? lt 55
  Phon B ??????? 55-85 Phon C ???????
  gt 85 Phon D ??????????????????????????????

26
(No Transcript)
27
(No Transcript)
28
????????????????????

• ??????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????? (Noise -
  Induced Temporary Threshold Shift, TTS)
• ?????????????
• ????????????????????????????? (Noise - Induced
  Permanent Threshold Shift, PTS)
• ?????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????? ???????????????????????
  (Acoustic trauma)

29
????????????????????

• ??????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????
• ?????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????
• ?????????????????
• ????????????
• ??????????????

30
???????????? (Noise scale)

• Leq- Equivalent continuous sound level
• ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  
• T ??????????????????????????
  PA(t) ???????????????????????????????????? P0
  ?????????????????????? (20 µPA)
• Standard ??????????????? Leq

31
???????????? (Noise scale)

• LDN- The Day-Night Average Sound Level
• 2200 -700 ?. ???????????????????? (Leq10 dB)
• 700 -2200 ?. ????????????????????? (Leq )

32
??????????? 1

• ???????????? Leq ???????????????????? ????? LDN

33
???????????? (Noise scale)

• LNP- The Noise Pollution Level
• ?????????????????????????? LNP
  Leq oK o ???????????????????
  ????????? 2.56

34
???????????? (Noise scale)

• Lx- The Statistical Noise Level
• ??????????????????????????
  Lx ??????????????????????????????????????? (???
  x) ??????????? ??????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????
  L10 ????? 90 dB 10 ???????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????? gt 90 dB

35
??????????? 2???????? Lx ??? ???????????????????
?????
36
(No Transcript)
37
???????????? (Noise scale)

• TNI - The Traffic Noise Level? TNI
  4(L10 - L90 ) - 30
• L10 P90 ( ??????????????)
• L90 P10 ( Base line noise)
• ??? TNI ??? ?????????????????

38
?????????????????????????????????????

• ??????????
• ???????????????????????????/?????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????
• ??????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????
• ?????????/???????
• ????????????????????

39
????????????????????

• ????????????????????????
• ????????????? ISO (International Organization
  for Standardization) ???? JIS Z8731 (Japanese
  Industrial Standard)
• ?????????????????????
• ??????????????????? (Steady state noise)
  ?????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????? ???? ??????????????????????
  ??????????????? (Pure tone)

40
????????????????????

• ?????????? (Impulse noise) ??????????????????????
  ???????????????
• ??????????????????? (Intermittent noise)
  ??????????????????????????????????????????

41
????????????????????

• ??????????????
• Outdoor measurement
• ????????????????????????????????? 1.0 m
  ????????????? 1.2-1.5 m
• ??????????????????? ??????????????????????
• Indoor measurement
• ???????????? Receptor ????????

42
?????????????????????????????????????????

• Background noise ?????????? Specific noise
  ????????????? 2 ?????????????????????????
• ??????????? (Background noise specific noise)
  ??????? Background noise gt 10 dB Background
  noise ?????????? Specific noise
• ??????????? (Background noise specific noise)
  ??????? Background noise ????? 4-9 dB
  ???????????????????????????????????

43
?????????????????????????????????????????

• ?????????????????????????????

44
????????????????????????????????

• ?????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????
• ???????????????????
• ???????????????????? Impulse ???? Pure tone
  ???????????????????

45
(No Transcript)
46
WHO Guidelines for Community Noise. March 1999
Environment Critical health effect Sound level dB(A) Time hours
Outdoor living areas Annoyance 50 - 55 16
Indoor dwellings Speech intelligibility 35 16
Bedrooms Sleep disturbance 30 8
School classrooms Disturbance of communication 35 During class
Industrial, commercial and traffic areas Hearing impairment 70 24
Music through earphones Hearing impairment 85 1
Ceremonies and entertainment Hearing impairment 100 4
47
(No Transcript)
48
(No Transcript)
49
(No Transcript)
50
(No Transcript)
51
(No Transcript)
52
??????????? 1

• ?????????????????????????????????? 24 ??.
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??? ?????????? LDN 64 dBA ???????????????????
  ????????????????? ????????????????????
  ???????????????? ??????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????? Background noise
  ??? ?????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????? ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????? ?????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????

53
?????????????????

• ???????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????
• WHO ?????????????????????????????? Leq 8 hr
  lt 75 dBA ????????????
• USEPA ??? World Bank Leq 24 hr lt 70 dBA
  ????????????

54
?????????????????

• ????????????????????
• OSHA United States Labor Departments of
  Occupational Safety and Health Act
• ????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????

55
(No Transcript)
56
?????????????????

• ??????????????
• ???????????????????????????? 91 dBA
  ??????????????? 7 hr
• ???????????????????????????? 90 dBA
  ?????????????????? 7 hr ??????????? 8 hr
• ???????????????????????????? 80 dBA
  ??????????????? 8 hr
• ??????????????????????????????????? 140 dBA
• ?????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????? 80 dBA
  ??????????????? Ear plug

57
?????????????????????????

• Source Pathway Target

????????? ???? ????????????????
????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????
58
??????????????????????????????????????????

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????
• ?????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????
• Lp L0 -20 log R -11

59
??????????????????????????????????????????

• Lp ???????????????????????? (dBA)
  L0 10 log W/W0 W
  ???????? (Watt) ??????????????????? W0
  10-12 Watt ?????????????????????
  ????????????????????? R
  ??????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????, m

60
??????????????????????????????????????????

• ??????????? Lp2 Lp1 - 20 log (R2/R1)
  Lp2 ?????????????????????????????????? R2
  Lp1 ??????????????????????????????????
  R1 ????????? ??????????????????????????????
• Lp??? ????????????????
• n ????????????????
• Li ??????????????????????????

61
??????????? 2

• ?????????????????????????????????????????????
  100 ????? ??????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????? 300 m
• Lp L0 - 20 log R -11 10 log
  W/W0 - 20 log R -11
  10 log (100/10 -12 ) - 20 log 300 -11
  79.5 dBA

62
??????????? 3

• ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  85 dBA ?????????? 15 m ??????????????????????
  ??????????????????????? 100 m ?????
  ? Lp2 Lp1 - 20 log R2/R1
  85 - 20 log
  (100/15) 65 dBA

63
??????????? 4

• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???? ? ?????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????? 15 m ??????????????????????
  100 dBA ????????? 110 dBA ??? 85 dBA
  ????????????????? 55 dBA ???????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????? 100 m
  ??????? ? Lp2 Lp1 - 20 log R2/R1
• Lp2 (?????????) 100 - 20 log 100/15
• 83.5 dBA

64
??????????? 4

• Lp2 (?????????) 110 - 20 log 100/15
• 93.5 dBA
• Lp2 (??????) 85 - 20 log 100/15
• 68.5 dBA
• ????????????????? 55 dBA
• Lp??? 10 log 1/4 ( 1083.5/10
  1093.5/10 1068.5/10 10 55/10 )
  88 dBA

65
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????
How Traffic Volume Affects Noise
                          2000 vehicles per
hour sound twice as loud as                    
                                                  
                                                  
                            200 vehicles per hour
66
How Speed Affects Traffic Noise
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
                                   Traffic at 65
miles per hour sounds twice as loud as
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
     traffic at 30 miles per hour
How Trucks Affect Traffic Noise
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
                                        One
truck at 55 miles per hour sounds as loud as
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
                                                  
                                                
                                                  
                                                  
                                         10 cars
at 55 miles per hour
67
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????

• ???????????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????? ??????
• FHWA (Federal Highway Administration) ??? US
  Department of Transportation

?????????? ((dB)Leq ??????????? ?
???????????????????????????????????????????? h
?????????????????????? i ???????????? ??????
???????? ???????? ???????) ??? h
?????????????????????????????????????????????
68
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????
?????????? ((dB)Leq ??????????? ?
???????????????????????????????????????????? h
?????????????????????? i ???????????? ??????
???????? ???????? ???????) ??? h
?????????????????????????????????????????????
??????? reference mean energy level (dB(A))
???????????????? i ?????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
??????????????????????????????????????????????
T
????????????????????????????????? (??.)
??????????????????? Ni ????????????? T
???????????? 1 ??. ?????????????????????????????
69
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????
????????????????? i (???) ??????????????-???????
?????????? T
Ni
?????????????? (?.) ??????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????
D
??????? reference mean energy level (dB(A))
???????????????? i ?????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
??????????????????????????????????????????????
T
????????????????????????????????? (??.)
??????????????????? Ni ????????????? T
???????????? 1 ??. ?????????????????????????????
70
(No Transcript)
71
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????
?????????? (??????????) ??????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???? ???????????? 15 ?.
D0
?????????????? (??./??.) ??????????????? i
???????????????????
Si
??? shielding factor (dB(A)) ?????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????? (???? ????????
?????????????? ???????)
72
(No Transcript)
73
(No Transcript)
74
(No Transcript)
75
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????
????????????????????????????????? 3 ?????? ??????
????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????????
????????????????????????? ???????????????????
?????????? (dB(A), Leq) ??????????? ?
???????????????????????????????????????????? h
??????????????? ???????????????? ???????
?????????? (dB(A), Leq) ??????????? ?
?????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????? ????????
76
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????
????????? reference mean energy level (dB(A))
(L0) Ei ???????????????????? ????????????????
????????????? 1 ?????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????
(??./??.)??????????? ???????
77
?????????????????????????????????????????????????

• ??? scale ??? NEF (Noise exposure
  Forecast) NEFi j EPNLi j
  10 log ( n d 16.67 n n) - 88
• EPNLi j (Effective Percieved Reference Mean
  Noise Level) ?????????????????
  ???????????????????? i ????????????? j
  
• n d ????????????????????????????????????? (
  7 - 22 ?.) (15 ??.)
• n n ????????????????????????????????????? (
  22 - 7 ?.) (9 ??.)

78
(No Transcript)
79
(No Transcript)
80
?????????????????????????????????????????????????

• I ?????????????????????????
  ???????????
• J ??????????????????????????????
• ??? EPNL ????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????

81
??????????? 5

• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????? 4000 ???
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ? ? ?????????????????????? Turbojet

82
??????????? 5

• NEFi j EPNLi j 10 log ( n d 16.67 n n)
  - 88
• ?????? EPNL???? ??????? 4000 ???
  115 dBA EPNL??
  ??????? 4000 ??? 95 dBA
• NEF???? 115 10 log ( 20 16.67 x 5) - 88
  47.1
• NEF?? 95 10 log ( 15 16.67 x 10) - 88
  29.6
• 10 log ( antilog 47.1/10 antilog 29.6/10 )
  47.1

83
(No Transcript)
84
(No Transcript)