Plant Growth and Development

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Plant Growth and Development

• Essential Standard 4.00 Examine factors
  relating to plant growth and development.

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Objective 4.01

• Explain the growth process of plants

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Processes of plant growth

• Photosynthesis
• Respiration
• Absorption
• Transpiration
• Translocation
• Reproduction

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Photosynthesis

• The food and manufacturing process in green
  plants that combines carbon dioxide and water in
  the presence of light to make sugar and oxygen.
• Formula
• 6CO26H2O672Kcal C6H12O66O2

Carbon Dioxide
Light Energy
Glucose Sugar
Water
Oxygen
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Respiration

• The process through which plant leaves, stems and
  roots consume oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.
• Plants produce much more oxygen through
  photosynthesis than they use through respiration.

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Absorption

• The process by which plant roots take in water
  and air

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Transpiration

• The process by which plants lose water from
  leaves and stems through evaporation

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Translocation

• The process by which food and nutrients are moved
  within a plant from one plant part to another

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Reproduction

• The plant process that increases plant numbers
• usually by seeds

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Stages of Plant Growth

• Juvenile-when a plant first starts to grow from a
  seed
• Reproductive-when a plant produces flowers, seeds
  and fruits
• Dormant-when a plant rests or grows very little,
  if any

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Plant Cells

• Basic unit of growth
• A nucleus and a mass of protoplasm contained
  within a plasma membrane

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Parts of a Plant Cell

• Nucleus
• location of plants genetic and hereditary make-up

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Parts of a Plant Cell

• Protoplasm
• the living matter of the cell
• Plasma Membrane
• surrounds protoplasm and allows for exchange of
  nutrients and gases into and out of cell

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Parts of a Plant Cell

• Cell Wall
• rigid and provides support for the cell and thus
  the whole plant

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Parts of a Plant Cell

• Other Structures
• Chloroplasts
• Vacuole
• Plastids
• Mitochondrion

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Plant Cells
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Plant tissue

• A group of cells with similar origin and function
• Classified according to their origin, structure
  and physiology
• Structure of permanent tissue
• simple-usually one type of cell
• complex-several types of cells

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Tissue origin and function

• Meristematic-near tip of stems and roots where
  cell division and enlargement occur
• Vascular cambium-increase growth in diameter of
  stems

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Simple Tissues

• Epidermal-one-cell thick, outer layer, protects
  and prevents water loss
• Sclerenchyma-have thickened cell walls and
  contain fibers to give strength and support to
  plant structures

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Other tissues

• Collenchyma-have thick cell walls that strengthen
  and support plant structures
• Parenchyma-fleshy part of plant that stores water
  and nutrients

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Phases of the asexual cycle

• Vegetative-growth and development of buds, roots,
  leaves and stems
• cell elongation-stage when cells enlarge
• differentiation-stage when cells specialize
• Reproductive or flowering-plant develops flower
  buds that will develop into flowers, fruits and
  seeds

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Effects of Light, Moisture, Temperature and
Nutrients on Plants
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Light

• Photoperiodism-response of plants to different
  amounts of light regarding their flowering and
  reproduction cycles
• Necessary because of photosynthesis
• Not enough light causes long, slender, spindly
  stems
• Too much light will cause plants to dry out faster

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Moisture

• Needed in large amounts because plant tissues are
  mostly water and water carries nutrients
• Not enough water causes wilting and stunted
  growth
• Too much water causes small root systems and
  drowning which is a result of air spaces in soil
  being filled with water

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Temperature

• Needs vary depending on type of plants
• Either too high or too low will have adverse
  effects

VS
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Nutrients

• Essential for optimal plant conditions
• Has little effect on seed germination

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Combining growth factors

• Ideal quantities and quality will give optimum
  plant growth
• Each has an effect on the other factors
• Unfavorable environmental conditions for plant
  growth causes diseases to be more severe in their
  damages to plants

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Hardiness Zones
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Hardiness Zones

• North Carolina
• Zones 6 to 8
• Considers minimum temperature extremes
• Zone 6
• -10 to 0 degrees F
• Zone 7
• 0 to 10 degrees F
• Charlotte
• Zone 8
• 10 to 20 degrees F

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Plant Propagation

• Essential Standard 4.00 Examine factors
  relating to plant growth and development.

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Objective 4.02

• Use sexual and asexual methods of propagation.

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Propagation

• The multiplication of a kind or species.
• Reproduction of a species.

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Sexual Propagation

• Propagation from seeds.
• Pollen is transferred from the anther to the
  stigma.
• Fertilization occurs and seeds are produced.

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Germination Rates

• Percent of seeds that sprout
• 75 out of 10075
• Rate is affected by seed viability, temperature
  and moisture.
• Rates vary depending on plant and quality of
  seed.

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Seeds

• Plant depth depends on the size of seeds
• larger seeds are planted deeper
• water small seeds from bottom by soaking

Embryo
Seed Coat
Endosperm
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Seedlings (small plants)

• Transplant when first true leaves appear
• Reduce humidity and water and make environment
  more like outside to harden off plants

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Seeds to Seedlings
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Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

• Fast way to get many plants
• Easy to do
• Economical

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Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

• Some plants, especially hybrids, do not reproduce
  true to parents
• Some plants are difficult to propagate from seeds

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Asexual Reproduction

• Uses growing plant parts other than seeds
• Types of asexual reproduction
• cuttings
• layering
• division or separation
• budding
• grafting
• tissue culture

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Rooting from Cuttings

• Rooting media should be about 4 inches deep
• Best time of day is early mornings because plants
  have more moisture
• Types of cuttings
• stem
• leaf
• root

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Stem Cuttings

• Using a small piece of stem to reproduce plants
• using hormones and dipping in fungicides help
  speed up rooting

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Leaf cuttings

• Using small pieces of leaves to reproduce new
  plants
• from herbaceous plants
• vein must be cut

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Stem Cuttings-Step 1
Gather all materials needed
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Stem Cuttings-Step 2
Cut 3 to 4 inch shoot from stem tip
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Stem Cuttings-Step 3
Remove lower leaves from the shoot
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Stem Cuttings-Step 4
Dip cut surface in rooting hormone
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Stem Cuttings-Step 5
Thoroughly moisten rooting medium
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Stem Cuttings-Step 6
Stick one or more cuttings in rooting media
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Stem Cuttings-Step 7
Cover with plastic wrap or place on a mist bench
in a warm area away from direct sunlight.
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Stem Cuttings-Step 8
Once rooted, cuttings can be separated carefully
and transplanted
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Root Cuttings

• Using small pieces of roots to reproduce plants
• should be three inches apart in rooting area

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Layering

• Scarring a small area of stem to produce new
  plants
• air layering
• trench layering
• mound layering

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Trench Layering
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Division or Separation

• Cutting or pulling apart plant structures for
  reproduction
• bulbs
• corms
• rhizomes
• tubers
• runners
• stolons
• suckers

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Bulbs
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Grafting

• Joining separate plant parts together so that
  they form a union and grow together to make one
  plant.

Wedge Graft
Approach Graft
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Grafting Terms

• Scion-the piece of plant at the top of the graft
• Rootstock-the piece of the plant at the root or
  bottom of the graft

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Methods of Grafting

• If the scion and rootstock are the same size
• wedge
• splice
• whip and tongue
• approach

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Methods of Grafting

• If the scion is smaller than the rootstock
• cleft
• side
• notch
• bark inlay

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Budding

• A form of grafting when a bud is used
• patch budding
• T-budding
• Chip Budding

Chip Budding
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How to perform T-budding
Step 2
Step 4
Step 1
Step 3
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Tissue Culture

• Using a small amount of plant tissue to grow in a
  sterile environment
• The most plants in a short time
• True to parent plant

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Advantages of Asexual Production

• Plants mature in a shorter time
• Budding is faster than grafting
• In trench layering, a plant forms at each node on
  a covered stem
• Some plants do not produce viable seed
• New plants are the same as the parent plant

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Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

• Some require special equipment and skills, such
  as grafting
• Cuttings detach plant parts from water and
  nutrient source
• Some plants are patented making propagation
  illegal

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The Uses of Biotechnology in Horticulture
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What is Biotechnology?

• The use of cells or components (parts) of cells
  to produce products or processes

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Methods

• Tissue culture or micropropagation
• Cloning
• Genetic Engineering

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Tissue Culture

• Uses terminal shoots or leaf buds in a sterile or
  aseptic environment on agar gel or other
  nutrient-growing media to produce thousands of
  identical plants

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Cloning

• Genetically generating offspring from non-sexual
  tissue

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Genetic Engineering

• Movement of genetic information in the form of
  genes from one cell to another cell to modify or
  change the genetic make-up

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Benefits of Biotechnology

• Produce many identical plants in a short time
• Increase disease and insect resistance
• Increase tolerance to heat and cold
• Increase weed tolerance

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Benefits of Biotechnology

• Increase tolerance to drought
• Improve environment
• Increase production
• Other genetic changes