Industrial Media and the Nutrition of Industrial Organisms

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• Industrial Media and the Nutrition of Industrial
  Organisms

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THE BASIC NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF INDUSTRIAL
MEDIA

• Carbon or energy requirements
• Nitrogen is found in proteins including enzymes
  as well as in nucleic acids
• Minerals
• Growth Factors

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Average composition of microorganisms ( dry
weight)
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CRITERIA FOR THE CHOICE OF RAW MATERIALS USED IN
INDUSTRIAL MEDIA

• Cost of the material
• Ready availability of the raw material
• Transportation costs
• Ease of disposal of wastes resulting from the raw
  materials
• Uniformity in the quality of the raw material and
  ease of standardization
• Adequate chemical composition of medium
• Presence of relevant precursors
• Satisfaction of growth and production
  requirements of the microorganisms

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SOME RAW MATERIALS USED IN COMPOUNDING INDUSTRIAL
MEDIA

• Corn steep liquor
• Pharmamedia
• Distillers soluble
• Soya bean meal
• Molasses
• Sulfite liquor
• Other Substrates (alcohol, acetic acid, methanol,
  methane, and fractions of crude petroleum)

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Corn steep liquor

• This is a by-product of starch manufacture from
  maize.
• As a nutrient for most industrial organisms corn
  steep liquor is considered adequate,
• rich in carbohydrates, nitrogen, vitamins, and
  minerals.
• highly acidic, it must be neutralized (usually
  with CaCO3) before use.

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Approximate composition of corn steep liquor ()
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Pharmamedia

• yellow fine powder made from cotton-seed embryo.
• It is used in the manufacture of tetracycline and
  some semi-synthetic penicillins.
• rich in protein, (56 w/v) and contains 24
  carbohydrate, 5 oil, and 4 ash
• rich in calcium, iron, chloride, phosphorous, and
  sulfate.

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Distillers soluble

• by-product of the distillation of alcohol from
  fermented grain. (maize or barley)
• It is rich in nitrogen, minerals, and growth
  factors.

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Composition of maize distillers soluble
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Soya bean meal

• The seeds are heated before being extracted for
  oil that is used for food, as an antifoam in
  industrial fermentations, or used for the
  manufacture of margarine.
• The resulting dried material, soya bean meal, has
  about 11 nitrogen, and 30 carbohydrate and may
  be used as animal feed.
• Its nitrogen is more complex than that found in
  corn steep liquor
• not readily available to most microorganisms,
  except actinomycetes.
• It is used particularly in tetracycline and
  streptomycin fermentations.

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Molasses
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Sulfite Liquor

• Sulfite liquor (also called waste sulfite liquor,
  sulfite waste liquor or spent sulfite liquor) is
  the aqueous effluent resulting from the sulfite
  process for manufacturing cellulose or pulp from
  wood.
• During the sulfite process, hemicelluloses
  hydrolyze and dissolve to yield the hexose
  sugars, glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose and
  the pentose sugars, xylose, and arabinsoe.
• Used as a medium for the growth of microorganisms
  after being suitably neutralized with CaCO3 and
  enriched with ammonium salts or urea, and other
  nutrients.

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• It has been used for the manufacture of yeasts
  and alcohol.
• Some samples do not contain enough assaimilable
  carbonaceous materials for some modern
  fermentations.
• They are therefore often enriched with malt
  extract, yeast autolysate, etc.

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GROWTH FACTORS

• Not synthesized by the organism
• Must be added to the medium.
• Function as cofactors of enzymes and may be
  vitamins, nucleotides etc.
• The pure forms are usually too expensive for use
  in industrial media
• Growth factors are required only in small
  amounts.

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Some sources of growth factors
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Some Potential Sources of Components of
Industrial Media

• Carbohydrate Sources
• Cassava
• Sweet potato
• Yams
• Cocoyam
• Millets
• Rice
• Sorghum
• Jerusalem artichoke

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Protein Sources

• (a) Peanut (groundnut) meal
• (b) Blood meal
• (c) Fish Meal

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THE USE OF PLANT WASTE MATERIALS IN INDUSTRIAL
MICROBIOLOGY MEDIA SACCHARIFICATION OF
POLYSACCHARIDES
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• Not only plentiful but that in contrast with
  petroleum, a major source of chemicals, they are
  also renewable.
• Contain large amounts of polysaccharides which
  are not immediately utilizable by industrial
  microorganisms
• Need to be hydrolyzed or saccharified to provide
  the more available sugars.
• Thereafter the sugars may be fermented to ethyl
  alcohol for use as a chemical feed stock.
• The plant polysaccharides starch, cellulose and
  hemicelluloses.