GLOBALIZATION AND THE FUTURE OF HIGHER EDUCATION

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GLOBALIZATION AND THE FUTURE OF HIGHER
EDUCATION M. Aman Wirakartakusumah Universit
as Airlangga Surabaya 27 Maret 2004
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• GLOBALIZATION
• Modern world with myriad phenomena
• Greater global economic connectedness
• Economic phenomenon-economic integration
  powered
• by Neo-liberal politics, electronics,
  instantaneous
• communications and multinational corporations
• Flows of capital, people, information and
  culture
• Internationalization of commerce, capital and
  labor
• Post industrial and knowledge-based society
• Constant creation of new forms of technology

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• GLOBALIZATION, COMPETITION AND COMPETITIVENESS
• Globalization of commerce, advances in
  communication
• technology, access and availability of
  information
• Growing commercial and social
  interrelationship
• Competition among Institutions, Firms and
  Nations
• Competitiveness ability to stay in business
  and achieve
• some desired result (profit, price, quality)
• National economic performancenational
  competitiveness
• Competitiveness growth of labor productivity
  and raising
• living standards

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• DOWNSIDES OF GLOBALIZATION
• Potential of creating severe gap between rich
  and poor
• countries
• Divide the world into centers and peripheries
• Centers grow stronger, peripheries marginalized
• Global higher education dominated by world class
  
• universities in industrialized countries
• Norms, values, language, scientific innovation
  and knowledge products of countries in the center
  crowd out other ideas and practices
• Globalization in higher education exacerbates
• dramatic inequalities among the worlds
  universities

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• COMMERCIALIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
• Knowledge from study and research is seen as a
  private
• good
• Provision of knowledge commercial transaction
• Provider public fund or State unable to provide
  resources for
• higher education and research
• Universities expected to generate more funding
• Initiation of selling of knowledge products,
  partnership private
• sectors, increase in student fees
• Universities sell skill/training, awarding
  degrees or certificates

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• HIGHER EDUCATION ROLE and POSITION
• Historically international in their academic and
  intellectual orientation
• Science and rationality of knowledge across the
  national and territorial limitation
• Asset that contribute to national economic and
  social well-being
• Equipped labor force with skills, innovation,
  productivity, enriching quality of life

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• HIGHER EDUCATION ROLE and POSITION
• Universities are the instruments of the State,
  government exert regulatory authority on the
  university systems, use the university to build
  up national capacity
• Tensions between the State and global forces,
  governments and universities i.e. Bologna
  convention
• Globalization tends to increase convergence of
  international and supranational on higher
  education policy
• Less public funding, more enrollment, more
  private investment, little transnational
  standardization and quality assurance

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• QUESTIONS FOR GLOBALIZATION AND HIGHER EDUCATION
• Will globalization make universities even more
  instruments of government to generate comparative
  advantage nations competitiveness?
• Will globalization lead to commercialization and
  corporatization of universities, increasing in
  multinational interests?
• Will some universities be state-driven and
  others globally-driven?
• Will state becoming hands-off enablers, become
  weaker and more dependent on private and
  corporate actors?

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• PORTRAITS OF HIGHER EDUCATION
• Strengths
• Increase of Gross Enrollment Ratio of aged
  18-30 to university
• Contribute to national economy, labor force
• Research outputs and outcomes cited
  publication, patents, Nobel
• prize
• Partnership with private sectors spin-off
  industry, start-up company
• Professional development of employees
• Knowledge transfer and innovation management
• New approach in meeting students demand new
  courses, part time
• study, extension, further education, distance
  learning

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• PORTRAITS OF HIGHER EDUCATION
• Challenges
• How to increase investment USA, France,
  Germany, the Netherlands 1 GDP, UK 0.8 ,
  Japan 0.4 , Indonesia 0.28
• How to recruit, retain and reward the caliber
  of academic staff
• How to maintain infrastructure for research and
  teaching
• How to prioritize and focus research at the
  university USA confined
• in 200 from 1600 institutions, China created
  10 world-class
• universities, India concentrated 5 National
  Institute of Technology
• How to avoid brain drain, instead brain
  gain
• How to balance research excellence with
  teaching excellence

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WORLD-CLASS UNIVERSITY RANKING
Country World best 500 universities Country Asia best 100 Universities
Amerika Serikat 159 Jepang 36
Inggris 42 Australia 13
Jerman 41 Cina 9
Jepang 36 Korea Selatan 8
Kanada 24 Israel 6
Perancis 22 Cina-Hongkong 7
Australia 13 Cina-Taiwan 3
Belanda 12 India 3
Cina 9 New Zealand 3
Korea Selatan 8 Singapura 2
Cina-Hongkong 5 Turki 2
Cina-Taiwan 5 Indonesia none
India 3
Selandia baru 3
Singapura 2
Turki 2
Indonesia none
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GROSS ENROLLMENT RATE (2000)
(Data Indonesia for 2002)
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SOUTH EAST ASIAN CONTEXT OF HIGHER EDUCATION

• Education developed based on colonial style -
  many different systems
• focusing on specialization rather
  generalization/diversification
• lack of practical skills
• lack of entrepreneurship
• Faculty resistant to change
• Lack of resources - human/financial
• Top down bureaucratic systems

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Human Development Index in South East
Asia Rank Country Human Development
Index 1990 1995 2000 1 Norway 0.901 0.925
0.942 25 Singapore 0.818 0.857 0.885 32 Brunei
Darussalam n.a. n.a. 0.856 59 Malaysia 0.722
0.760 0.782 70 Thailand 0.713 0.749 0.762 77 Ph
ilippines 0.716 0.733 0.754 109 Vietnam 0.605
0.649 0.688 110 Indonesia 0.623 0.664 0.684 12
7 Myanmar n.a. n.a. 0.552 130 Cambodia 0.501
0.531 0.543 143 Lao People's Dem.
Rep. 0.404 0.445 0.485
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INDICATORS OF RD EFFORTS AND OUTCOMES
 
 
Source ADB, 2003
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Asias Best Universities 2000
 
Source Asia week.com (2003)
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Asias Best Universities 2000
Source Asia week.com (2003)
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INDONESIA Position on NATION COMPETITIVENESS
Parameter Score (Max. 100) Rank from 30 Nations
Nation competitiveness 13.3 28
macro economy indicator 28 24
State policy to increase nation competitiveness 16.9 27
Innovative and responsibility behaviour, corporate profitability 6.1 30
Contribution of science, technology and HR to private sectors 9.6 30
Indonesia position on the nation competitiveness
rank among the nations above 20 million
populations
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• TRANSFORMATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION
• What are The Challenges?
• How to bring up the issues of globalization
  into the
• curriculum and teaching practices?
• How to put the university program relevant to
  national and
• regional interest?
• How to improve the organizational health of the
  
• university?
• How to build entrepreneurial mentality to the
  students?
• How to produce graduate with inclusiveness and
• multicultural attitudes based on good moral,
  values and ethics?

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EXAMPLES OF HIGHER EDUCATION TRANSFORMATION

• UK
• Going global to quench the thirst for knowledge
• AUSTRALIA
• Going global and Brand Marketing
• SEMCIT (Latin America, Asia, Africa)
• Education and Management of Change in the Tropics
• SINGAPORE
• Toward a world class university
• INDONESIA
• HELTS

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National University of Singapore Established in
1905 Vision Towards a global knowledge
enterprise, building synergies between education,
research and entrepreneurship Mission Advance
knowledge and foster innovation, educate students
and nurture talent, in service of country and
society
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• How NUS achieve its goals?
• Building intelligent partnership with
• universities worldwide
• No walls culture to promote free flow
• of talent and ideas
• Foster an entrepreneurial mindset

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• NUS high five in 2005
• One in five students will be abroad on
  students
• exchanges
• One in five of undergraduates will be an
• international student
• One in five students will take an
• entrepreneurship module
• Five NUS overseas colleges will be
  established
• in the worlds leading entrepreneurial hubs

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• FUTURE OF HIGHER EDUCATION
• VISION
• Recognize and value universities as creator of
  knowledge
• Recognize the role of education to live life
  to the full and contribute
• to the society
• Acknowledge the institutions differences
  define its own mission
• Build strong and purposeful collaborations
• Support the institutions that can compete with
  the best in the world
• Increase gross participation ratio and access
• Employ caliber academic staff
• Freedom for innovation and entrepreneurship
• Strong management and visionary leadership

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• FUTURE OF HIGHER EDUCATION
• THEMES FOR FUTURE HIGHER EDUCATION
• Learner-centered
• Entrepreneurship
• Lifelong learning
• Interactive and collaborative
• Diverse
• Intelligent and adaptive
• Learn-grant university as a social contract
  between university and
• society

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• Strategic Issues on Higher Education
• Globalization
• Research and Education
• Mission Differentiation
• Access to knowledge
• University Autonomy

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• University autonomy
• Institutional and capacity building
• University governance
• Financing
• Human Resources
• Quality Assurance

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International Network and Linkages

• Enhancing International collaboration and
  partnership in the area of Tropical Agriculture
• Conducting International training and internship
  program
• Use the network and linkage to facilitate the
  change process

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Challenges for Change

• Perception and mind set/old paradigm of faculty
  members? resist the change
• Rigid departmental and centers structure (status
  quo)
• Lack of partnership with industry and private
  sectors
• Weak/limited support capacity of central and
  regional government

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Pendidikan Tinggi Saat ini PENDANAAN
SUMBER   1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
DIP 1,824,767,226 986,817,133 1,410,851,880 1,889,403,806 2,130,960,812
DIK 1,315,820,648 1,192,197,115 1,978,421,882 2,407,810,991 2,788,828,029
DIKS (SPP) 550,332,443 752,674,756 770,451,921 1,168,604,184 1,444,341,279
DIKS (Lainnya) 42,013,096 61,027,683 62,678,425 233,880,484 318,206,506
Struktur pendanaan PTN (dalam ribuan rupiah)
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Pendidikan Tinggi Saat ini PENDANAAN
Rasio Pendanaan Pendidikan oleh Sektor Publik dan
Masyarakat (potret tahun 1999)
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Pendidikan Tinggi Saat ini PENDANAAN
Negara Prosentase alokasi
Cina 65.30
India 92.50
Indonesia 12.30
Malaysia 53.60
Filipina 14.80
Sri Lanka 64.00
Vietnam 86.10
Prosentase alokasi dana pemerintah untuk
pendidikan tinggi per mahasiswa dibandingkan
dengan PDB per kapita pada 1997 Sumber Bank
Dunia, Development Indicators, Education inputs,
2002
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Pendidikan Tinggi Saat ini PENDANAAN
Jumlah mahasiswa PTN pada tahun 2003 880.000 Mhs
Belanja rutin pendidikan tinggi (total spending) sebesar Rp. 4,6 Triliun
Anggaran biaya satuan pendidikan tinggi nasional rata-rata untuk mahasiswa/tahun. Rp. 5,18 Juta
Dari jumlah tersebut biaya yang dipikul pemerintah (public spending) untuk mahasiswa/tahun Rp. 3,17 Juta
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Pendidikan Tinggi Saat ini PENDANAAN
NEGARA BIAYA/Mhs/Thn EQ.RUPIAH
Amerika dan Canada US 20,000 Rp. 170 juta
Jepang dan Inggris US 10,000 Rp. 85 juta
Perancis dan Itali US 6,000-7,000 Rp 51- 60 juta
Malaysia Rp. 29 - 111 juta
Singapura ) Rp. 90 - 400 juta
- Studi Biro Keuangan Departemen Pendidikan
Nasional, Desember 2002 - ) www.singapore.edu.gov
.sg
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• Global Value Chains
• Internationalization of a manufacturing
  process in
• which several countries participate in different
  stages of the manufacture of a specific good
• The most efficient and the lowest cost
• Countries more interdependent on each other
• Access technological knowledge, improve
  product
• innovation skills
• Facilitated rapid industrial growth and
  permitted the
• assimilation of technology

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• Effect of Global Value Chains
• More knowledge and technology intensive
• More demand on creative and innovative workers
• Need respond from education and training
• institutions
• Education contributes to persons quality of life
  and
• productivity

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Public Expenditure in HE and enrollment for
selected Asian countries (DGHE, Indonesia, 2003)
 
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The Challenge for Higher Education
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Implementing good agricultural practices in the
academic programs

• Application of holistic approach in integrated
  farming system
• Integrated pest management and biological control
• Shifting from fishing to restocking
• Reforestation and community participation
• Improvement of agro-industry practices

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Summary of IPB case

• Good practices in agricultural education should
  use the student centered learning approach
• Changing curriculum of a traditional university
  should recognize the existing disciplines
• Needs involvement of instructors and professors
• Requires continuity and consistency of strong
  leadership and commitment
• Needs regional and international networking