Unit Two Sports

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Unit Two Sports RecreationText 3
Music
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• What makes young people love pop music
  passionately?

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• rock music loud music with a strong beat usually
  played or sung by a small group of people using a
  variety of instruments including electric guitars
  and drums
• Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson ,Madonna

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• excerpt (n) a passage or segment taken from a
  longer work, such as a literary
• The excerpts contain the essential points of the
  report.
• (v) to select or use material from (a longer
  work).
• This passage of text has been excerpted from her
  latest novel.
• late dead, especially if only recently deceased
  (compare it with diseased)
• in memory of the late explorer.
• his late wife
• menace (n.) (to) something which suggests a
  threat or brings danger
• eg. the menace of nuclear war
• Uncollected garbage is a menace to life and
  health.
• In my view, drunk drivers are a social menace.
• A man who drives fast is a menace to other people.

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• menace (v.) -- menacing ( adj. )
• eg. Two men menaced him with weapons and forced
  him to give up his money.
• The weather becomes more menacing here when
  winter arrives.
• The people are being menaced by the threat of
  war.???????????
• go as/so far as to do sth. to be bold or direct
  enough to do something to behave in a way that
  seems surprising or extreme??(????)
• eg. I wouldn't go so far as to say that she is a
  liar, simply because she doesn't always tell the
  truth.
• He went so far as to criticize his parents for
  incompetence.
• denounce to condemn openly as being evil or
  reprehensible.
• The government's economic policy has been
  denounced on all sides.
• We must denounce injustice and oppression.
• denunciation
• The minister's speech contained a strong
  denunciation ( public criticism) of the policies
  of the opposing parties. C
• Denunciation of the government's failure to help
  lower-paid workers is not enough - we need to
  take action. U

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• formidably (adv.) impressively in a manner that
  causes fear, doubt, anxiety, etc. -- formidable (
  adj. )
• eg. The jeeps were driven by army drivers, each
  formidably armed.
• She is not only beautiful but formidably
  intelligent.
• formidable difficult to undertake, surmount, or
  defeat
• a person with a formidable appearance??????
• a formidable challenge???????
• a formidable question
• a formidable opponent ???????
• There are formidable obstacles in her path.
• He has earned the reputation of being a
  formidable opponent.
• The head of the research section was a formidable
  old professor.??????????????????
• They faced formidable difficulties in their
  attempt to reach the mountain summit.?????????????
  ????????

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• stunning (adj.) unusually or unexpectedly
  astonishing greatly surprising
• eg. The Prime Minister resigned last night after
  a stunning defeat.
• He won the heavyweight gold medal with stunning
  ease.(??????????)
• All the ideas have a stunning simplicity.
• stunningly (adv.) stun (v. ) stunner (n.)
• eg. Sometimes the citizens of one country are
  quite stunningly rude to those of another.
• Many cinema-goers were stunned by the film's
  violent and tragic end.
• Last week's inflation figures were a stunner.
• He's stunningly naive for a person of his age.
• to shock or surprise (someone) very much
• News of the disaster stunned people throughout
  the world.
• She was stunned by the amount of support she
  received from well-wishers.(???)
• He was stunned by the sudden news.????????????????
  
• fuel (v.) to provide with something that
  increases anger or any other strong active
  feeling- fuel (n.)
• eg. Bank interest cuts will only fuel inflation
  rather than checking it.
• His newly published commentary has fuelled the
  debate on the project.
• Wood, coal, oil, and gas are different kinds of
  fuel.

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• controversy (n.) (an) argument about something
  over which there is much disagreement --
  controversial ( adj. )
• eg. The heart of the controversy is not whether
  we should do it, but whether we can do it.
• The prime minister's speech has caused a fierce
  controversy over college education.
• Immigration is a controversial issue in many
  countries.
• There's been (a) fierce/bitter/heated controversy
  over the policy ever since it was introduced. C
  or U
• a controversial issue/decision/speech/policy/figur
  e/film
• He wrote a very controversial book

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• Paragraph one
• emphatically (adv.) in a way that shows that a
  statement is particularly important most
  certainly emphatic (adj.)
• eg. He is emphatically an excellent
  student.???/???
• I am emphatically not in agreement with that
  statement.
• Johnson has emphatically denied the allegations
  against him.
• I emphatically support the proposals for reform.
• singular (adj.) (liter.) very noticeable because
  unusual (n. singularity) (plural, opp, adj /n))
• eg. I have no idea why he holds so singular an
  opinion about this project.
• She was a woman of singular beauty.
• He showed a singular skill in painting.
• Mary doesn't like the singularity of his
  character.
• the states of soul different emotions and
  feelings
• proportion (n.) (of) a part or share (as
  measured in amount and compared with the whole)
• eg. The proportion of women in the profession has
  risen to 17.3.
• A large proportion of the students were sick last
  week.???????????

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• live for regard sth as the the aim of ones life
  
• She lived for her work.(workholic)
• After she died, he had nothing to live for.
• Live for ones children
• alien to dissimilar, inconsistent, or opposed,
  as in nature
• It is alien to the school discipline.??????????
• Their ideas are quite alien to our own.
• be longing to do sth be eager to do sth
• plug (v.) to make a connection using a small
  plastic object with two or three metal prongs
  pushed into an electric power outlet to obtain
  power for a (usually) movable apparatus plug??,
  ??
• eg. He took the machine from its bag and plugged
  it into the wall socket.(?????)
• plugged a cork in the bottle.????????
• How can I plug the hole in this
  bucket???????????????
• All passengers are plugged into a stereophonic
  system.
• paraphrase ... they are longing to plug
  themselves back into their music.
• ... they are eager to go back into their music
  world

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• at best Interpreted most favorably at the
  most?????
• no more than 40 people at best in
  attendance.??????40???
• Under the most favorable conditions??????
• has a top speed of 20 miles per hour at
  best.????????20??
• neutral (adj.) in a position between opposite or
  different choices with no qualities of the
  stated kind, as of something very weak or
  colorless
• eg. He had departed from his prepared testimony
  which was considered to be neutral.
• I waited for a reaction, but even her eyes
  remained neutral.
• She is neutral in this argument she doesn't care
  who wins.???????????,????????
• Both sides have agreed to attend a peace
  conference on the condition that it is held in a
  neutral country.
• Many newspapers claim to be politically neutral,
  but few actually are.
• neutral noun C
• Sweden and Switzerland were neutrals during the
  war.
• I don't want to get involved in this argument -
  I'm a neutral on this.
• neutrality noun U
• It is unlikely that Sweden will ever abandon its
  traditional neutrality and join a military
  alliance.
• The Queen has maintained political neutrality
  throughout her reign.

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• impediment (to) (n.) a fact or event which makes
  action difficult or impossible ??, ???
• eg. He was satisfied there was no legal
  impediment to the marriage.
• The lack of a sufficient water supply has become
  a major impediment to economic growth.
• drain (of) (v.) to (cause to) become gradually
  dry or empty
• eg. His face was suddenly drained of color at the
  sight of his wife.
• I felt drained of thought.
• down the drainTo or into the condition of being
  wasted or lost
• All of our efforts are down the drain. ?????
• rebel against The students rebelled against
  their government.?????????????
• At best that ordinary life is neutral, but mostly
  it is an impediment, drained of vital content,
  even a thing to be rebelled against.
• paraphrase At the very most, everyday life is a
  weak and colorless existence. Under most
  circumstances, everyday life is an obstacle that
  is meaningless and tasteless. Everyday life is
  even something that has to be fought against.

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• Why does the author say that young people's life
  is neutral at best?
• Can you see the parallel between the German
  passion for Wagner's operas and the current
  passion for rock music? Why/why not?

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• indulge (v.) to gratify to give way to and
  satisfy ( desires, etc, ) overlook the faults
  of??
• eg. You can indulge yourself without spending a
  fortune.
• He indulges in daydreams.??????????
• His parents never indulged him.
• His father sometimes indulges in a
  cigarette.?????????????
• indulgence (n.) --indulgent (adj.)
• eg. His indulgence in alcohol ruined his
  marriage.
• He is an indulgent father.
• wait on (infml. AmE) to wait for something to
  happen await
• eg. We cannot wait on the management to make the
  necessary changes in our company.
• We wait on your reply to our letter.
• Another use
• wait on to attend (someone) as a servant,
  helper, follower, etc. to serve (someone) food
  and drink in a restaurant
• eg. Dramas about ancient feudal China portray the
  eunuchs constantly waiting on the emperor.
• Is there no waitress here to wait on us?

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• output ( n. ) ( usu. sing. ) production
• eg. Manual workers need a good breakfast for a
  high-energy output.
• The factory has an output of two thousand cars a
  year.
• worshipper (n.) a person who shows great
  respect, admiration, etc., for something or
  someone????, ???
• eg. I am not a worshipper of money.
• worship (v.) worship (n.)
• eg. A church is a place of worship.?????????
• The Greeks used to worship many gods.
• Christians worship God.
• worship the ground sb. treads on???????
• Fans of F4 worship the ground the band walks on.
• stereo (n.) sound that is directed through two
  or more speakers so that it seems to surround the
  listener and to come from more than one source
  stereophonic sound?????, ???

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• exclusively ( adv. ) only and nothing/no one
  else ( adj. ) exclusive
• eg. This room is exclusively for women.
• Instruction in undergraduate classes in these
  subjects is almost exclusively through lecture.
• This dining room is for the exclusive use of the
  students.
• This dining room is for the distinguished guests'
  exclusive use.
• exclusive of?,??
• The ship had a crew of 48, exclusive of
  officers.?????48?,??????
• The hotel charges 150 a day, exclusive of
  meals.?????????????,??????
• on the air
• If a program or a person is on/off (the) air,
  they are/are not broadcasting on radio or
  television.
• The radio station is on air from 6.00 a.m.
• As soon as the war started, any broadcasts with a
  military theme were taken off the air.

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• nonstop (adv.) without a pause or interruption
• eg. Amy and her group had driven nonstop through
  the forest.
• The snow fell nonstop for two hours.
• music playing nonstop all night
• (adj) Unceasing, Made or done without stops
• nonstop criticism.??????
• a nonstop flight from Hong Kong to
  Beijing??????????
• commune (with) (v.) ( esp. lit poet) to get
  very close to someone or something by exchanging
  feelings or thoughts to exchange thoughts,
  ideas, or feelings
• eg. Commune with nature, and you will feel
  refreshed.
• Lying naked in the grass, among the trees and
  birds, he felt he had communed with nature.
• communion noun U literary
• What he wants is a spiritual communion between
  East and West - to bring them to a closer
  understanding of each other.
• They wanted no communion with America - the place
  or its people.
• He lived in close communion with nature/God.
• above all most important of all especially
• He hopes to see his family again.

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• tropically (adv.) found in and/or characteristic
  of the tropics (the area between the two
  imaginary lines of latitude drawn around the
  world at about 23.5 north (the tropic of Cancer)
  and south (the tropic of Capricorn) of the
  imaginary line round the middle of the world
  (equator)
• paraphrase...the musical soil has become
  tropically rich.
• ... the environment of rock music is as fertile
  as the soil in the tropical areas on the earth.
• genius (n.) great ability, especially in
  producing works of art a person of such ability
• eg. Its very title is a stroke of genius
• Chaplin was not just a genius, he was among the
  most influential figures in the film industry.
• Einstein was a genius. ?
• Hes a genius at mathematics.
• dearth (of) ( n. ) (fml.) a lack (of) shortage
  (of)
• eg. There will be a dearth of talent in China's
  IT industry for a long time.
• The university used to suffer from a dearth of
  facilities for handicapped students.
• The factory's closure has been blamed on the
  dearth of orders for its products during the
  recession.

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• startling (adj.) surprisingly different,
  unexpected, or remarkable
• eg. The police have found some startling
  evidence.
• a startling ( very surprising)
  admission/achievement
• startling results
• The news from the famine area was startling.
• Startle to do something, esp. unexpected which
  surprises and sometimes worries a person or
  animal
• She was concentrating on her book and his voice
  startled her.
• The noise of the car startled the birds and the
  whole group flew up into the air.
• Her article on diet startled many people into
  changing their eating habits.
• startlingly adverb
• startlingly ( surprisingly) poor results
• Even though none of the witnesses had met they
  all gave startlingly similar stories of what had
  happened.

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• The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare
• ACT V SCENE I. Belmont. Avenue to PORTIA'S
  house.
• (Excerpt)
• Music
• JESSICA I am never merry when I hear sweet
  music.
• LORENZO The reason is, your spirits are
  attentive
• For do but note a wild and wanton
  herd,
• Or race of youthful and unhandled
  colts,
• Fetching mad bounds, bellowing and
  neighing loud,
• Which is the hot condition of their
  blood
• If they but hear perchance a trumpet
  sound,
• Or any air of music touch their
  ears,
• You shall perceive them make a mutual
  stand,
• Their savage eyes turn'd to a modest
  gaze
• By the sweet power of music
  therefore the poet
• Did feign that Orpheus drew trees,
  stones and floods
• Since nought so stockish, hard and
  full of rage,
• But music for the time doth change
  his nature.
• The man that hath no music in
  himself,

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Paragraph 2

• effect (v.) (fml.) to accomplish to cause,
  produce, or have as a result ??, ??, ??(???)
• eg. I shall effect my purpose no one shall stop
  me!
• The war effected changes all over the world.
• The reform was effected.
• The new minister hopes to effect changes in the
  government's policy.???????????????
• The new manager effected several changes in the
  company.??????????????????
• restoration (n.) the act of giving something
  back the act of introducing again- restore (v.)
• eg. I owe the restoration of my hearing to this
  remarkable new hearing aid.
• Prime Minister Blair's visit is expected to lead
  to the restoration of diplomatic relations
  between the two countries.
• The army has recently been brought in to restore
  order after the violence.
• restore law and order.???????
• to restore stolen property????

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• classical music the kind of music that is put
  together and arranged with serious artistic
  intentions and having an attraction that lasts
  over a long period of time (as opposed to popular
  or folk music)
• assertion (n.) a forceful statement or claim
• eg. There is no concrete evidence to support
  assertions that the recession is truly over.
• Despite her assertion that she was innocent, she
  was found guilty. that clause
• assert (v. ) to state (an opinion), claim (a
  right) or establish (authority) forcefully
  --assertive (adj.) ???, ?????
• eg. He asserted his belief that she was not
  guilty.
• It is nonsense to assert that smoking does not
  damage people's health. that clause
• Someone who is assertive behaves confidently and
  is not frightened to say what they want or
  believe.
• If you really want the promotion, you'll have to
  be more assertive.
• Women have become more assertive in the past
  decade.
• dispute (v.) to disagree about to call into
  question doubt
• eg. Nobody disputed that Jane was clever.
• I won't dispute you on that point.

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• tidal (adj.) of, having, or related to a
  movement, as of public opinion
• eg. We must wait for a tidal change in public
  opinion before introducing this unpopular law.
• Another use
• tidal (adj.) relating to or produced by tides
• eg. The tidal stream gradually decreases in the
  shallows.
• proliferation (n.) rapid increase or
  spreadincrease greatly and suddenly in number
  (v.) proliferate ????
• eg. In recent years commercial, cultural, tourist
  and other contacts have proliferated between
  Europe and China.
• Small businesses have proliferated in the last
  ten years.
• China opposes the proliferation of nuclear
  weapons.
• Over the past two years we have witnessed the
  proliferation of TV channels.
• undeniable (adj.) that can not be denied
  undoubtedly true adj.?????(deny/ denial)
• eg. Her charm is undeniable.
  
  
• The fact that she was drunk driving is
  undeniable.
• involve (v.) ( in, with) to cause (someone) to
  become connected or concerned with (something
  else)
• eg. I seem to have involved myself in something
  strange.
• John and I do everything together he involves me
  in everything.

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• reciprocal (adj.) given and received in return
  exchanged between two people or groups
  mutual???, ???, ???, ?????
• eg. reciprocal tariff????
• reciprocal trade????
• Kindness is reciprocal.
• They expected a reciprocal gesture before more
  hostages could be freed.
• The two superpowers agreed to a reciprocal
  reduction of nuclear weapons.
• reciprocity noun U formal
• Reciprocity is behaviour in which two people or
  groups of people give each other help and
  advantages.
• The two countries have signed a new agreement
  based on reciprocity in trade.
• undeniable (adj.) that can not be denied
  undoubtedly true(adj.)
• shorthand (n.) a rapid writing system using
  signs or shorter forms for letters, words,
  phrases, etc.
• eg. She took class notes in shorthand.
• paraphrase Classical music is ... not a common
  culture of reciprocal communication and
  psychological shorthand.
• Classical music is ... not shared by all
  individuals in their daily emotional and
  spiritual communication.

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• partly adv. In part or in some degree not
  completely.
• partly finished
• partly true
• I believe what he has said is partly true.
• emotive ( adj. ) which causes or may cause
  strong feelings emotional
• eg. Human cloning is an emotive issue.
• an emotive speech??????
• 'Home' is a much more emotive word than
  'house'.'?'???'??'??????????
• makeup (n.) (usu. sing. ) the combination of
  qualities (in a person's character)
• eg. Those of a nervous makeup are excitable.????,
  ????, ???
• Lying is not in her makeup.??????
• respond (to) (v.) to react to to be affected
  by(response)
• eg. He likes children, and they responded to him.
• He loved the theatre, and responded to the fine
  production.
• The patient has responded rapidly to the
  treatment.???????????
• distinction ( n. ) (between) the fact of being
  clearly different or separate
• eg. There are obvious distinctions between the
  two wine-making towns.

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• swing (v.) to move from side to side in response
  to music ??, ??, ??, ??(swung)
• eg. swing one's arms????
• The dancers swung to the music.
• She swung her leg in time to the music.(?????)
• The boy swung on the rope tied to a
  tree.????????????????????
• self-consciousness (n.) the quality of being
  nervous and uncomfortable about oneself
• eg. You have far too much self-consciousness.
  Nobody at the swimming pool looked at you in your
  bathing suit.
• His self-consciousness prevented him from
  entering the dance competition.
• hip (adj.) (slang) following the latest
  fashions, for example in clothes and ideas
  trendy
• eg. Baggy pants (???, ???)and loose-fitting
  shirts are very hip now for teenage boys.
• snob (n.) a person who pays too much respect to
  social position or wealth, or who despises people
  of a lower social position (????, ???)
• eg. Mary has become an arrogant, rude, social
  snob.
• a musical snob?????????
• snobbish / snobby (adj.) snobbishness /
  snobbery (n.)
• eg. I had expected her to be snobbish/snobby but
  she was warm and friendly.
• It is utter snobbishness / snobbery that you
  would only associate with the well off and ignore
  the lesser-equipped.

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• solidarity (n.) unity and agreement resulting
  from shared interests, feelings, actions,
  sympathies, etc.
• eg. The electricians want to march tomorrow to
  show solidarity with the plumbers.
• The situation raises important questions about
  solidarity among member states of the UN.
• The lecturers joined the protest march to show
  solidarity with their students.
• Idea n.
• Ideal adj./n.
• grow out of If children grow out of clothes,
  they become too tall or big to fit into the
  clothes. (outgrow. vt)
• Tyler has grown out of her sundress.???,???
• If you grow out of an interest or way of
  behaving, you stop having or doing it as you
  become older.
• He wants to join the army when he leaves school,
  but I hope he'll grow out of it.
• If an idea grows out of another one, it develops
  from it.
• The idea for the story grew out of a strange
  experience I had last year.
• paraphrase Many, or even most, of the young
  people of that generation also swung with Benny
  Goodman, but with an element of
  self-consciousness to be hip, to prove they
  weren't snobs, to show solidarity with the
  democratic ideal of a pop culture out of which
  would grow a new high culture.
• Although the young people of that generation also
  danced to the highly rhythmic and fast music of
  orchestra leader Benny Goodman, they were aware
  that they were doing so to show they were in
  fashion and not snobbish, and to show that they
  were one with the belief that popular culture
  should be enjoyed by everybody. A new high
  culture(????, ????high brow)would grow out of
  this popular culture.

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• acquaintance (n.) information or knowledge, as
  obtained through personal experience rather than
  careful study
• eg. I have some acquaintance with the subject.
• They had little or no acquaintance with Chinese
  philosophy or history.
• I have no acquaintance with this book.????????
• I have some acquaintance with English, but I do
  not know it well.??????, ??????
• Idiom
• to make the acquaintance of sb. to make sb's
  acquaintance to get to know sb. (by being
  introduced)
• eg. It is my pleasure to make the acquaintance of
  the renowned poet.
• upon further acquaintance when known for a
  further period of time
• People said him was selfish, but upon further
  acquaintance I found him generous and kind.
• Another use
• acquaintance (n.) a person or group of people
  whom one knows, especially through work or
  business, but who may not be a friend
• eg. We are only casual acquaintances.
• He has a large circle of acquaintances.
• He has a wide acquaintance.
• Problematic
• Posing a problem difficult to solve
• a problematic situation in the home.?????????

29

• inasmuch as (conj.) owing to the fact because
• eg. We were doubly lucky inasmuch as my friend
  was living on the island and spoke Greek
  fluently.
• Inasmuch as the waves are high, I shall not go
  out in the boat.
• Inasmuch as you are ( Because of your position
  as) their commanding officer, you are responsible
  for the behavior of these men.
• In somuch as/ that adv.??????, ??????(as, that)
• The rain fell in torrents, insomuch that we were
  wet through.????, ?????????
• complement ( v. ) to make (something) complete
  or perfect to supply what is lacking (in
  something) Complementary (adj)
• eg. There will be a written examination to
  complement the practical test.
• This wine complements the food perfectly.?????,???
  ????????
• Compare compliment and complement
• Your presence is a great compliment.????, ?????
• A sincere compliment boosts ones
  morale.???????????????
• compliments good wishes regards ????
• Seasons compliments
• utterly Completely absolutely
  entirely.????????

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• How did students of the earlier generation
  connect to music? How were they different from
  their contemporary counterparts?
• Students of the earlier generation take music as
  nothing but an entertainment. They were taught to
  listen to classical music at home, but some of
  them gradually developed a fondness for rock and
  were uncomfortable about this change of taste. On
  the contrary, students today rarely listen to
  classical music instead, rock'n'roll has become
  the musical mainstream for the youth because it
  speaks to their emotional needs.

31

• Paragraph 3
• precede (v.) ( fml. ) to come, go, or happen
  (just) before in time
• eg. He preceded his lecture with a humorous
  anecdote.???????????????
• The tourists were preceded by their
  guide.??????????
• He preceded his speech with welcome to the
  guests.???????, ?????????
• The flash of lightning preceded the sound of
  thunder by two seconds.
• Intensive negotiations between the main parties
  preceded the vote.
• The witness said a gun battle had preceded the
  explosion.
• precedence (n.) (priority)??, ??--precedent (n.)
  --precedented (adj.) --unprecedented (adj.)
  Having no previous example
• eg. in order of precedence?????
• National defense must take precedence over all
  other questions.????????
• college students can explore friendship with the
  opposite sex, yet matters of study should take
  precedence.
• Many legal verdicts(??, ??)are made on the basis
  of precedents.
• Is there any precedented???(??)?example for your
  suggestion?
• unprecedented economic growth.?????????
• China is developing with an unprecedented pace.???

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• current (adj.) belonging to the present time of
  the present day
• eg. The current situation is very different from
  that in 1990.
• What is your current goal?
• dominate (v.) to have the most important place
  or position ??, ???(domination)
• eg. The book is expected to dominate the
  best-seller lists.
• Sports, and not learning, seem to dominate (in)
  that school.
• A great man can dominate others by force of
  character.??????????????
• This criticism usually dominates over the
  newspaper.???????????????
• dominant (adj)
• appeal to to please, attract, or interest
• eg. Does this piece of music appeal to you?
• This film is intended to appeal to all tastes.
• refinement (n.) ingenious or remarkable example
  of purity of taste, etc the delicate or clever
  development of something
• refined (adj)
• sentiment ( n. ) ( often pl. with sing. meaning)
  (a) thought or judgment arising from or marked by
  feeling??, ??, ??, ??

33

• prevailing ( adj. ) most common or frequent ( in
  some place or at some time )????, ???, ???
• eg. She wore her hair in the prevailing fashion
  and looked ever prettier.??????????,?????????
• Yellow is the prevailing color in her room.??
• prevail (v.) --prevalent (adj.) --prevailing
  (adj.) --prevalence (n.)
• eg. The use of anti-biotic(???)prevails China's
  medical practice.
• This old custom does not prevail
  now.??????????????
• Eye diseases are prevalent in some tropical
  countries.
• The habit of traveling by aircraft is becoming
  more prevalent each year. Control and
  compensation measures must be taken before the
  prevalence of bird flu effected damage to our
  agriculture.
• The prevailing dietary trend in Shanghai is
  exotic cuisines.
• Did you notice the prevalence of makeup-wearing
  among girl-students from cities than those from
  the countries?
• prevailing ??????????????????, ?
• a prevailing practice?????
• prevalent ????????????????, ?
• Whooping cough is very prevalent just now.
• ??????????

34

• different...than ( formal English "different
  from", informal British English "different to",
  informal American English "different than"
• eg. This make of car is different from / to /
  than that one.
• This movie is of a different nature than that
  movie.
• Bourgeoisie The middle class.
• avidly ( adv. ) eagerly keenly -- avid ( adj.
  )???, ???
• eg. Western suppliers too are competing avidly
  for business abroad.
• He is an avid moviegoer.
• an avid sports fan. ????????
• exquisite (adj.) (of power to feel) sensitive
  and delicate ???, ???, ???, ???
• eg. He has an exquisite taste in music. ???
• plays the piano with exquisite technique.?????????
  ???
• sensibility (n.) (usu. pl.) (a) tender or
  delicate feeling about what is correct, as in art
  or behavior -- sensible (adj.) ???. Sensitive
  (adj) Receptiveness to impression, whether
  pleasant or unpleasant acuteness of feeling.??
• eg. Young people must learn to respect others'
  sensibilities.
• Her -ies are wounded.??????????
• Daina used to be a sensible girl -- but I have no
  idea why she would offend her teachers in this
  way the other day! (????, ???, ?????)
• Wearing high-heels is certainly not sensible if
  you are to climb a mountain.

35

• tenuous (adj.) (of ideas, opinions, etc. )
  having little meaning slight
• eg. The cultural links between the two countries
  are very tenuous.
• The relationship between the two ideas is very
  tenuous.
• cosmetic (n.) (usu. pl. ) substances such as
  lipstick or powder, which people put on their
  face to make themselves look more attractive
  measures or changes that are designed to improve
  the appearance of a situation or thing but do not
  change its basic nature -- cosmetic (adj. lacking
  depth or significance superficial)
• eg. Cosmetics were in common use among males in
  the 18th century.
• The government has decided upon various measures
  to control inflation. However, these measures are
  mainly cosmetic.
• She made a few cosmetic changes when she took
  over the company.????????????????
• susceptible to (adj.) easily influenced by
• eg. Walking with weights makes the shoulders very
  susceptible to injury.
• be susceptible to cold????
• ridicule Words or actions intended to evoke
  contemptuous laughter at or feelings toward a
  person or thing

36

• groove(slang) a settled routine??,?????,??
• get into the groove of a nine-to-five
  job.???????????
• restive resisting control difficult to control
• A restive person ????
• The crowd grew restive.?????????
• coarse of low, common, or inferior quality
  lacking in delicacy or refinement????
• coarse manner?????
• tyranny absolute power, especially when
  exercised unjustly or cruelly.??,?????
• tyrant (n
• opposed adjective
• As opposed to rather than, in contrast to)
• Two opposed ( completely different so not both
  able to be right) interpretations of the facts
  have been presented.
• a) be opposed to something to disagree with
  something such as a plan or system
• Most of us are opposed to the death penalty.
• His view of the situation is very strongly
  opposed to mine.
• b) two ideas that are opposed to each other are
  completely different from each other

37

• reign to be predominant or prevalent?????????(v
  /n)
• Panic reigned as the fire spread.???????????
• After the storm, quietness reigned.??????????
• Chaos reigned in the classroom.??????
• In the resign of sb
• unabashed not disconcerted or embarrassed
  poised not concealed or disguised obvious
• eg. unabashed disgust.???????
• He seems unabashed by his recent defeat.
• They were completely unabashed in praising
  themselves.???
• Unabashed by her critics, she continued writing
  simple optimistic romances.
• abash
• Your kindness quite abashed me.???????????
• abashed
• stand abashed???? ????
• be abashed/ feel abashed
• speak of (simple tenses) to suggest the idea of
  (something) ??
• eg. This gift of money speaks of your generosity.

38

• Paragraph 4
• symptomatic (of) (adj.) acting as an outward
  sign of inner change, new feelings, etc.- symptom
  (n.)???, ???, ???, ????, ??...???
• If something bad is symptomatic of something
  else, it is caused by the other thing and is
  proof that it exists.
• eg. Jealousy within a relationship is usually
  symptomatic of low self-esteem in one of the
  partners.
• His behavior was symptomatic of his character.
• symptom noun C any feeling of illness or
  physical or mental change which is caused by a
  particular disease
• He's complaining of all the usual symptoms of flu
  - a high temperature, headache and so on.
• (figurative) A symptom is also any single problem
  which is caused by and shows a more serious and
  general problem.
• Calls for import controls were symptoms of the
  country's economic problems.
• By putting homeless people into temporary
  accommodation, the government is treating the
  symptoms and not the cause.?????

39

• liberal (n.) a person with wide understanding
  and willingness to accept new ideas
• eg. There are a host of free-thinking liberals in
  this country.
• (adj)Favoring proposals for reform, open to new
  ideas for progress, and tolerant of the ideas and
  behavior of others broad-minded.????????????????
  ,?????????????????
• She's a Liberal ( a member or supporter of the
  Liberal Party).
• In Britain, the Liberal Democrats are a political
  party that believes in more power for local
  government, more personal freedom and a gradual
  development towards a fairer sharing of wealth
  and power within society. ???????
• In Britain, the Liberal Party was a political
  party that joined with the Social Democrats to
  become the Liberal Democrats.???
• indignant (at, about, over) (adj.) shocked and
  angry about something unjust or unfair --
  indignation (n.) anger (against something wrong)
• eg. The football player was indignant at the
  umpire's judgment. (Sports A person appointed to
  rule on plays, especially in baseball.???????????
  ??????)
• He was indignant because he felt that he had been
  punished unfairly.??????,????????????????
• The indignant passengers beat the pickpocket
  up.?????????????????
• I expressed my indignation at being unfairly
  dismissed.

40

• censorship ( n. ) the acts, practice, or duties
  of an official who examines printed matter,
  films, or (sometimes in war) private letters with
  the power to remove anything offensive or (in
  war) judged helpful to the enemy
• eg. The government today announced that press
  censorship was being lifted. ????, ????
• inquiry (n.) enquiry the process of asking
  about or investigating something in order to find
  out more about it -- inquire (v.) enquire (v.)
• eg. Truth is the goal of all scientific and
  philosophical inquiry.
• She made an inquiry as to where the person had
  gone.
• Two police went in the shop to inquire about the
  theft last night.
• I'll inquire about the flights.????????????
• Usage
• to make inquiry into/about sth. to inquire into
  sth. to investigate sth.
• eg. A government inquiry into the air crash is to
  be launched soon.
• The court demanded the bank to inquire into the
  conduct of its clerks.
• to inquire sth. of sb. to ask sb. about sth.
• eg. May I inquire of you the date of the final
  tax-return application?
• The director inquired of me about / concerning
  our work.???????????????
• to inquire after sb./sth. to ask about the
  health or well-being of sb./sth.
• eg. Lucy must have met John before otherwise she
  wouldn't have inquired after his wife.
• She inquired after my mother's health.????????????

41

• to the extent that????????...(to the degree that
  )
• Apes are like people to the extent that they have
  some human characteristics ( because they have
  some of the same characteristics as people)
• Sales have fallen so badly this year, to the
  extent that ( we have reached the stage where)
  we will have to close some of our shops.
• The car was damaged to the extent ( so much)
  that it could not be repaired.
• treatise (on) (n.) a book or article that
  examines the facts and principles of a particular
  subject and gives the writers opinions about it
  ??, ??
• paraphrase They hardly paid attention to the
  discussion of music itself and, to the extent
  that they even thought about it, were really
  puzzled by Plato's devoting time to rhythm and
  melody in a serious treatise on political
  philosophy.
• They paid no attention to the discussion of music
  itself. Even if they thought about it, they
  couldn't understand why Plato spent so much time
  in discussing music in a serious dialogue about
  political philosophy.

42

• indifference (to, towards) (n.) the state of
  showing an absence of interest or feeling about
  something -- indifferent (adj.)
• eg. She was much distressed by his indifference
  to her.
• I can bear love or hate, but not indifference.
• I am absolutely indifferent to the results of the
  new policy.
• Many native speakers of a language show
  indifference to/towards grammatical points.
• His attitude to his work was one of bored
  indifference.
• The accident happened as a result of years of
  indifference on safety conditions????
• indifferent (NOT INTERESTED) (completely)
  lacking in interest or feeling unconcerned
• Why don't you vote - how can you be so
  indifferent (to what is going on)!
• In the past, governments have seemed indifferent
  to environmental issues.
• He found it very hard teaching a class full of
  indifferent teenagers.
• profoundly (adv.) deeply completely in a way
  that is very strongly felt
• eg. I am profoundly grateful to you all.
  ?????????
• I am profoundly grateful to my neighbors for
  their help in my time of trouble. ????

43

• rob sb of sth to deprive unjustly of sth
  belonging to, desired by, or legally due
  sb??????(??)???
• Robbed her of her professional standing ????????
• They robbed the company of 2 million.
• (saying) 'To rob Peter to pay Paul' means to
  borrow money from one person to pay back money
  you borrowed from someone else.
• robber noun C
• The robbers shot a policeman before making their
  getaway.
• He's a famous bank robber.
• robbery noun
• The gang admitted they had committed four recent
  bank robberies. C
• He is in prison for armed robbery. U????
• draw to cause to move in a given direction or to
  a given position, as by leading attract
• The teacher drew the children into the room to
  see the decorations. A parade draws a large crowd.

44

• center concentrate or focus ?????
• Tried to center the discussion on the main issues
  ?????????????
• Our thoughts centre on how to fulfill the plan
  this year.???????????????????
• The discussion centers on a reasonable agreement
  about 'cease fire' between the two warring
  parties. ???????????'??'??????????
• The discussion centers round the problems the
  broad masses of the people are concerned about
  most. ?????????????????
• evaluate (v.) to consider (something or someone)
  in order to arrive at a judgment about them
• eg. The market situation is difficult to
  evaluate.
• How do you evaluate yourself as a human being?
• The research project has only been under way for
  three months, so its too early to evaluate its
  success.??????????????,?????????????????
• encounter (n.) a meeting that involves conflict
  or opposition a battle, a combat a meeting with
  a person or thing, especially casually or
  unexpectedly
• eg. He once had a very frightening encounter with
  a wild pig.
• It was a bloody encounter between the two armies.
  ???(?)????
• The two of them had an encounter of
  wits.??????????????
• This meeting will be the first encounter between
  the parties since the election.
• He encountered an old friend in the street.
• Encounter numerous obstacles.

45

• illuminate to provide or brighten with lightTo
  make understandable clarify.
• The streets were illuminated with strings of
  colored lights.
• (figurative) The results of the recent research
  will illuminate the mystery of the creation of
  the Universe.
• (formal) An illuminated book or other piece of
  writing is one decorated with added color, gold
  paint and small pictures.
• an illuminated manuscript????
• illuminating adjective (formal)
• The book is full of illuminating ( helping to
  explain) detail on the causes of the war.
• illumination noun U formal
• The only illumination ( light) was from a
  skylight.

46

• Why is the author so worried about students'
  addiction to rock music?
• The author is concerned with students' addiction
  to rock because many students lack reflection on
  why they are so frantic about this particular
  type of music. He mentions Plato's Republic to
  illustrate the view-point that un-examined
  passion equals to irrationality.

47

• profitably (adv.) gaining some advantage or
  benefit from something
• eg. In fact he could scarcely have spent his time
  more profitably.
• It took several months before the company started
  to trade profitably.
• profit noun
• money which is earned in trade or business, esp.
  after paying the costs of producing and selling
  goods and services
• She makes a big profit from selling waste
  material to textile companies. C
• He bought his house a long time ago so he sold it
  at a profit. U
• profit verb I usually preposition
• To profit by/from something is to achieve an
  advantage from it.
• I certainly profited from the two years I spent
  in that company.
• profitable adjective
• Profitable means resulting in or likely to result
  in a profit or an advantage.
• Over the years it has developed into a highly
  profitable business.
• I made profitable use of my time ( used my time
  to get advantages or benefits).
• profiteer noun C disapproving ??,????????

48

• engage with to connect with (something) as in
  machinery ( fig. ) to begin to fight or struggle
  (with something)
• eg. The students are seriously engaged with
  English grammar.
• We are too weak to engage with such a strong
  force. I
• The engagement ( act of beginning to fight) with
  the enemy will begin at dawn.
• engage (someone) in something phrasal verb T
  object object
• to (cause to) take part in or do (something)
• A group of dissidents have been demanding the
  right to engage in politics.
• In his spare time, he engages in volunteer work.
• Once she engages you in conversation, you're
  stuck with her for at least half an hour.
• paraphrase This encounter not only helps to
  illuminate the phenomenon of contemporary music,
  but also provides a model of how contemporary
  students can profitably engage with a classic
  text.
• Their reading of this text of Plato about the
  experience of music sheds light on their love for
  today's rock music. It also illustrates how
  today's students can study classic works and
  learn something relevant from them.

49

• fury ( n. ) very great anger. furious (ANGRY).
  (infuriate .v)
• eg. Fly into a fury for the slightest reason
  ????????
• In a fit of fury he thumped his fists down on the
  desk.
• The minister made no attempt to contain his fury.
• At last the fury of the storm lessened.???????????
  ?
• little (adv) not much, scarcely(less/least)
• Works long hours but sleeps little
• not in the least not at all
• They little expected such a generous
  gift.?????????????????
• resistant (to) (adj.) having or showing
  opposition to having or showing the power to
  remain unchanged or unharmed by
• eg. Many pests have become resistant to poison.
• That fat man is very resistant to the idea of
  exercise.
• The body may be less resistant to disease if it
  is cold.
• paraphrase ... it is most resistant to cool
  analysis.
• to analyze their experience in an unemotional and
  objective way is beyond their immediate ability.

50

• cosmos (n.) the whole universe considered as an
  ordered system
• eg. There may be other intelligent life elsewhere
  in the cosmos.
• cling to remain emotionally attached hold on
  ??????????
• Clinging to outdated customs????
• convert to persuade or induce to adopt a
  particular religion, faith, or belief
• She managed to convert him to her opinion
• Convert defeat into victory
• Many Africans were converted to Christianity.
• paraphrase Indignation is the soul's defense
  against the wound of doubt about its own it
  reorders the cosmos to support the justice of its
  cause.
• When one's soul is troubled by doubts of itself,
  the soul tries to defend itself by expressing
  itself in a violent way and people call this kind
  of expression indignation. The soul will provide
  a new explanation of the universe in order to
  show that its belief is correct.
• paraphrase Recognizing indignation for what it
  is constitutes knowledge of the soul, and is thus
  an experience more philosophic than the study of
  mathematics.
• After one understands what indignation really
  means, one knows more about one's soul. This
  process requires more reasoning power than the
  study of mathematics.

51

• constitute to be the elements or parts of
  compose??
• Correct grammar and sentence structure do not in
  themselves constitute good writing.
• ??????????????????????
• 7 days constitute a week???????
• England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland
  constitute / compose / make up the United
  kingdom."
• ???????????????????????
• Make up One hundred years make up a
  century.?????????
• Consist of New York City consists of five
  boroughs.???????????.
• by nature adv. Typical qualities and
  characteristics of a person or an animal.
• Motor-racing is by nature a dangerous sport.
• against nature unnatural immoral
• encompass (v.) to include to cover
• eg. The study encompasses social, political, and
  economic aspects of the problem.
• a survey that encompassed a wide range of
  participants.?????????????
• thicket ( n. ) a dense growth of bushes and
  small trees all close together
• eg. The fox hid in the thicket where the dogs
  could not reach it.

52

• What is the author's advice for treating the
  "great corruption"? Is it justified to take the
  author as a snob? Why/why not?
• The author's advice for treating this addiction
  to rock is that students should draw back and get
  a critical distance on what he clings to. If they
  can come to doubt the ultimate value of what they
  love, they will then be able to deal with their
  musical taste rationally. Our author is not a
  snob, for he does not deride rock at the expense
  of classical music. By asking the rock addicts to
  treat their passion clear-headedly, he offers not
  a biased judgment of music, but a criterion of
  evaluation.
• How would you describe the tone of the essay?
• The tone of this essay is serious but humorous
  to some degrees it is even ironic. Although in
  this extract the author did not denounce
  rock'n'roll as the "greatest corruption" ( as he
  later did in The Closing of the American Mind),
  yet some ironic turns of phrase reveal his
  attitude against rock subtly.