SHUNT CAPACITOR FUNDAMENTALS AND PROTECTION

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SHUNT CAPACITOR FUNDAMENTALS AND PROTECTION
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OVERVIEW
(1) Introduction (2) Configurations (3)
Design (4) Operation (5) Protection (6)
Conclusions
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INTRODUCTION

1. Shunt capacitor banks (SCB) are mainly installed
   to provide capacitive reactive compensation/power
   factor correction.
2. They are installed near the load terminals, in
   factory substations, in the receiving substations
   to provide leading volt-ampere-reactive.
3. By using shunt capacitors line drop is reduced
   and the voltage regulation is improved.
4. They are switched in when kVA demand on the
   distribution system rises and voltage of bus
   drops.

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• Advantages

1. Improvement of the voltage at the load.
2. voltage regulation.
3. reduction of losses
4. Maximize system capacity
5. reduction in Cu loss due to reduction in current

• Disadvantages
• 1. proportional to the square of the voltage
  and consequently when the voltage is low and the
  system need them most, they are the least
  efficient.

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Fig 2. High voltage shunt capacitor
Fig1. Single line diagram of SCB
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THE CAPACITOR UNIT AND BANK CONFIGURATION

• The Capacitor Unit
• The capacitor unit, Fig. 3, is the building
  block of a shunt capacitor bank.
• The capacitor unit is made up of individual
  capacitor elements, arranged in parallel/ series
  connected groups, within a steel enclosure. The
  internal discharge device is a resistor that
  reduces the unit residual voltage to 50V or less
  in 5 min.

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Fig3. capacitor bank
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SCB operation

• The SCB of the line abosrbz leadind var (i.e
  generates lagging var). At the time of light load
  the lagging vars produced by the lines are much
  larger than that required by loads. These surplus
  lagging vars must be absorbeed by additional
  equipment to keep voltage profile within limits.
• SCB are those reactive power compensating
  equipment to generate generate or absorb vars.

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SPjQWhere,Sapparent powerVI(kva)Qreactive
powerVIsin?(kvar)Pactive powerVIcos?(kw)
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Capacitor unit capabilities

• Relay protection of shunt capacitor banks
  requires some knowledge of the capabilities and
  limitations of the capacitor unit and associated
  electrical equipment including individual
  capacitor unit, bank switching devices, fuses,
  voltage and current sensing devices.
• Capacitors are intended to be operated at or
  below their rated voltage and frequency as they
  are very sensitive to these values the reactive
  power generated by a capacitor is proportional to
  both of them (kVar 2p f V2 ).

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Bank Configurations

• The use of fuses for protecting the capacitor
  units and it location is an important subject in
  the design of SCBs.
• They also affect the failure mode of the
  capacitor unit and influence the design of the
  bank protection.
• Depending on the application any of the
  following configurations are suitable for shunt
  capacitor banks
• (1) externally fused
• (2) internally fused
• (3) fuseless shunt capacitor bank
• (4) unfused shunt capacitor bank

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Externally Fused

1. An individual fuse, externally mounted between
   the capacitor unit and the capacitor bank fuse
   bus, typically protects each capacitor unit.
2. The capacitor unit can be designed for a
   relatively high voltage because the external fuse
   is capable of interrupting a high-voltage fault.

3. A failure of a capacitor element welds
the foils together and short circuits the other
capacitor elements connected in parallel in the
same group. 4. The remaining capacitor
elements in the unit remain in service with a
higher voltage across them than before the
failure and an increased in capacitor unit
current. 5. If a second element fails the
process repeats itself resulting in an even
higher voltage for the remaining elements.
6. Successive failures within the same unit will
make the fuse to operate, disconnecting capacitor
unit and indicating the failed one.
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Fig4. Externally fused shunt capacitor bank
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Internally Fused

1. Each capacitor element is fused inside the
   capacitor unit.
2. . Upon a capacitor element failure, the fuse
   removes the affected element only. The other
   elements, connected in parallel in the same
   group, remain in service but with a slightly
   higher voltage across them.

• 3.. Banks employing internally fused capacitor
  units are configured with fewer capacitor units
  in parallel and more series groups of units than
  are used in banks employing externally fused
  capacitor units

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Fig 5. Internally fused SCB
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Fuseless Shunt Capacitor Banks
The capacitor units for fuseless capacitor banks
are identical to those for externally fused
described above. To form a bank, capacitor units
are connected in series strings between phase and
neutral, shown in Fig. 6.

• The protection is based on the capacitor
  elements failing thus short- circuiting the
  group. When the capacitor element fails it welds
  and the capacitor unit remains in service. The
  voltage across the failed capacitor element is
  then shared among all the remaining capacitor
  element groups in the series.

The discharge energy is small because no
capacitor units are connected directly in
parallel. Another advantage of fuseless banks is
that the unbalance protection does not have to be
delayed to coordinate with the fuses
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Fig 6. Fuseless SCB
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Unfused Shunt Capacitor Banks
Contrary to the fuseless configuration, where the
units are connected in series, the unfused shunt
capacitor bank uses a series/parallel connection
of the capacitor units. The unfused approach
would normally be used on banks below 34.5 kV,
where series strings of capacitor units are not
practical, or on higher voltage banks with modest
parallel energy. This design does not require as
many capacitor units in parallel as an externally
fused bank.
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CAPACITOR BANK DESIGN
The protection of shunt capacitor banks requires
understanding the basics of capacitor bank design
and capacitor unit connections. The capacitors
banks are arrangements of series/paralleled
connected units. Capacitor units connected in
paralleled make up a group and series connected
groups form a single-phase capacitor bank.
When a capacitor bank unit fails, other
capacitors in the same parallel group contain
some amount of charge. This charge will drain off
as a high frequency transient current that flows
through the failed capacitor unit and its fuse.
The fuse holder and the failed capacitor unit
should withstand this discharge transient.
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The optimum connection for a SCB depends on
the best utilization of the available voltage
ratings of capacitor units,fusing, and protective
relaying.Virtually all substation banks are
connected wye. various types of
SCB designs are (1) Grounded
wye-connection banks (2)
Underground wye-connection banks
(3) Delta connected banks
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Grounded Wye-Connected Banks
Grounded wye capacitor banks are composed of
series and parallel-connected capacitor units per
phase and provide a low impedance path to ground.
Fig. 7 shows typical bank arrangements.
Fig. 7 - Grounded Wye Shunt Capacitor Banks
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Advantages of the grounded capacitor banks
include

1. Its low-impedance path to ground provides
   inherent self-protection for lightning surge
   currents and give some protection from surge
   voltages.
2. Offer a low impedance path for high frequency
   currents and so they can be used as filters in
   systems with high harmonic content.
3. Reduced transient recovery voltages for circuit
   breakers and other switching equipment

Some drawbacks for grounded wye SCB are

1. Increased interference on telecom circuits due to
   harmonic circulation

2. Circulation of inrush currents and harmonics
may cause misoperation of protective relays and
fuses
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Ungrounded Wye-Connected Banks

1. Ungrounded wye banks do not permit zero sequence
   currents, third harmonic currents, or large
   capacitor discharge currents during system ground
   faults to flow.
2. Overvoltage appearing at the CT secondaries are
   not as high as in the case of grounded banks.
   However, the neutral should be insulated for full
   line voltage because it is momentarily at phase
   potential when the bank is switched or when one
   capacitor unit fails in a bank configured with a
   single group of units.

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Fig. 8 - Ungrounded Wye Shunt Capacitor Banks
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Delta-connected banks are generally used only at
distributions voltages and are configured with a
single series group of capacitors rated at
line-to-line voltage. 2. With only one series
group of units no overvoltage occurs across the
remaining capacitor units from the isolation of a
faulted capacitor unit.
Delta-connected Banks
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CAPACITOR BANK PROTECTION

• The protection of SCBs involves
• protection of the bank against faults occurring
  within the bank including those inside the
  capacitor unit
• protection of the bank against system
  disturbances and faults.

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Capacitor Unbalance Protection

1. The protective elements found in a SCB for
   internal faults are individual fuses, unbalance
   protection to provide alarm/ trip and overcurrent
   elements for bank fault protection.

2. Removal of a failed capacitor element or unit
by its fuse results in an increase in voltage
across the remaining elements/ units causing an
unbalance within the bank. 3. Unbalance
protection normally senses changes associated
with the failure of a capacitor element or unit
and removes the bank from service when the
resulting overvoltage becomes excessive on the
remaining healthy capacitor units.
4.Unbalance protection normally provides primary
protection for arcing faults within a capacitor
bank and other abnormalities that may damage
capacitor units
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• 5. The unbalance protection should have
  minimum intentional delay in order to minimize
  the amount of damage to the bank in the event of
  external arcing.

6. The need for sensitive resulted in the
development of unbalance protection where
certain voltages or currents parameters of the
capacitor bank are monitored and compared to
the bank balance conditions.
7. Capacitor unbalance protection is provided in
many different ways, depending on the capacitor
bank arrangement and grounding.
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Protection of the SCB Against System Disturbances
and Faults
System Overvoltage Protection The capacitor
bank may be subjected to overvoltages resulting
from abnormal system operating conditions. If the
system voltage exceeds the capacitor capability
the bank should be removed from service. The
removal of the capacitor bank lowers the voltage
in the vicinity of the bank reducing the
overvoltage on other system equipment. Time
delayed or inverse time delayed phase overvoltage
relays are used.
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Relays for Bank Closing Control Once
disconnected from the system a shunt capacitor
bank cannot be re-inserted immediately due to the
electrical charge trapped within the capacitor
units, otherwise catastrophic damage to the
circuit breaker or switch can occur. To
accelerate the discharge of the bank, each
individual capacitor unit has a resistor to
discharge the trapped charges within 5min.
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CONCLUSIONS
The protection of shunt capacitor banks uses
simple, well known relaying principles such as
overvoltage, overcurrents. Unbalance
is the most important protection in a shunt
capacitor bank, as it provides fast and effective
protection to assure a long and reliable life for
the bank. To accomplish its goal, unbalance
protection requires high degree of sensitivity
that might be difficult to achieve.
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