THE DOHA DEVELOPMENT AGENDA (DDA)

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THE DOHA DEVELOPMENT AGENDA(DDA)

• Results of 2005 MC Hong Kong
• Reference Centre Upgrading
• Training Institute and Technical Cooperation-WTO
• Moscow - March 2006
• World Trade Organisation

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Contacts at WTO

• Gérard Tourette,
• Counsellor, Coordinator of the Reference Centres
• Tel [phone], Fax [phone]
• Email gerard.tourette_at_wto.org
• Thomas Braun,
• IT Security Officer, Informatics Division
• Tel [phone], Fax [phone]
• Email thomas.braun_at_wto.org
• Institute for Training and Technical
  Cooperation-WTO

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Doha Development Agenda

• WTO Ministerial Conferences
• Singapore (December 1996)
• Geneva (May 1998)
• Seattle (November/December 1999)
• Fourth Ministerial Conference Doha (9-14 December
  2001) - Outcome Doha Development Agenda
• Fifth Ministerial Conference Cancun Sept. 2003
• Sixth Ministerial Conference Hong Kong (13-18
  Dec. 2005)

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Ministerial ConferenceSixth SessionHong Kong
13-18 December 2005 MINISTERIAL DECLARATION

• Document WT/MIN(05)/DEC
• dated 22 December 2005
• Doha work programme
• Adopted on 18 December 2005

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Doha Work Programme

• The objectives
• Complete Doha Work Programme and conclude the
  negotiations launched at Doha in 2001 by the end
  of the year 2006,
• Development importance in terms of the results of
  the negotiations on Market access and rule-making
  and the specific development related issues.
  (par.1,2)

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Agriculture Negotiations- Elimination of all
forms of export subsidies by the end of
2013,Annex A on all three pillars of the
negotiations domestic support, export
competition and market access.
Doha Work Programme
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Agriculture Negotiations

• Domestic support Briefly the facts.
• Potential convergences albeit on a manifestly
  conditional basis,
• Overall cut many working hypothesis of 3
  possible bands which provides a primary snapshot
• De minimis On product-specific de minimis and
  non-product-specific de minimis, there is a zone
  of engagement for cuts between 50 and 80 for
  developed countries.
• - As regards developing countries, there are
  still divergences to be bridged. In addition to
  the exemption specifically provided for in the
  Framework, there is a view that, for all
  developing countries, there should be no cut in
  de minimis at all .
• Blue Box Convergence on moving beyond (i.e.
  further constraining) Blue Box programme payments
  envisaged in the July 2004 Framework. However,
  the technique for achieving this remains to be
  determined.

Bands Thresholds (US billion) Cuts
1 0 10 31 - 70
2 10 -60 53 - 75
3 gt 60 70 - 80
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Agriculture Negotiations

• Domestic support Briefly the facts.
• There is a working hypothesis of three bands for
  developed countries.
• AMS (MGS)
• There is close (but not full) convergence on the
  thresholds for those bands. There appears to be
  convergence that the top tier should be US25
  billion and above. There is some remaining
  divergence over the ceiling for the bottom band
  between US12 billion and 15 billion.
• There is therefore working hypothesis agreement
  that the European Communities should be in the
  top tier, and the United States in the second
  tier.
• Green Box The review and clarification
  commitment has not resulted in any discernible
  convergence on operational outcomes. There is, on
  the one side, a firm rejection of anything that
  is seen as departing from the existing
  disciplines while there is, on the other, an
  enduring sense that more could be done to review
  the Green Box without undermining ongoing reform.
  

Bands Thresholds (US billion) Cuts
1 0-12/15 37-60
2 12/15-25 60-70
3 gt25 70-83
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Agriculture Negotiations

• export competition Briefly the facts
• End date Members committed themselves to the
  parallel elimination of all forms of export
  subsidies by the year 2013.
• Export credits Convergence has been achieved on
  a number of elements of disciplines with respect
  to export credits, export credit guarantee or
  insurance programmes with repayment periods of
  180 days and below. However, a number of
  critical issues remain.
• Exporting State Trading Enterprises There has
  been material convergence on rules to address
  trade-distorting practices identified in the July
  2004 Framework text. Fundamentally opposing
  positions remain, however, on the issue of the
  future use of monopoly powers.
• Food Aid
• There is consensus among Members that the WTO
  shall not stand in the way of the provision of
  real/genuine food aid.
• There is also consensus that what is to be
  eliminated is commercial displacement.
• proposals that in the disciplines a distinction
  should be made between at least two types of food
  aid emergency food aid and food aid to address
  other situations.
• Special and Differential Treatment
  uncontroversial, however details remain to be
  established.
• Special circumstances consultation procedures to
  govern any ad hoc temporary financing
  arrangements relating to exports to developing
  countries in exceptional circumstances is not
  much developed.

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Agriculture Negotiations

• Market Access
• Ad Valorem equivalents A basis for allocating
  items a working hypothesis of four bands for
  the tiered formula for structuring tariff cuts.
• The method for calculating the AVEs for the sugar
  lines is still to be established.
• Sensitive Products Members have been prepared to
  make concrete - albeit conditional - proposals on
  the number of sensitive products. The fundamental
  divergence over the basic approach to treatment
  of sensitive products needs to be resolved.
• Special and Differential Treatment
• Just as for developed countries, there is a
  working hypothesis of four bands for developing
  countries.
• There is no disagreement on lesser cuts within
  the bands.
• Some Members continue to reject completely the
  concept of a tariff cap for developing countries.
  Others have proposed a cap at 150.
• For sensitive products, there is no disagreement
  that there should be greater flexibility for
  developing countries, but the extent of this
  needs to be further defined.
• Special Products Regarding designation of
  special products, there has been a clear
  divergence between Members.
• Special Safeguard Mechanism There is agreement
  that there would be a special safeguard mechanism
  and that it should be tailored to the particular
  circumstances and needs of developing countries.
• So, much remains to be done in order to establish
  modalities and to conclude the negotiations.
  Modalities should be established no later than 30
  April 2006 and comprehensive draft Schedules
  based on these modalities no later than 31 July
  2006.

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Agriculture Negotiations

• LDCs and AGR Negotiations
• Developed Members, and developing country
  Members in a position to do so, should provide
  duty-free and quota-free market access for
  products originating from least-developed
  countries,
• However, it is not at this point concretely
  operational for all Members. At this stage,
  several Members have made undertakings.
• Proposals for this to be bound remain on the
  table.

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Agriculture Negotiations

• Cotton (sub committee under AGR Committee)
• Decision adopted by the General Council on 1
  August 2004 to address cotton ambitiously,
  expeditiously and specifically, within the
  agriculture negotiations in relation to all
  trade-distorting policies affecting the sector in
  all three pillars of market access, domestic
  support and export competition, as specified in
  the Doha text and the July 2004 Framework text.
• According to HKG MC, explicit decisions should be
  taken for
• All forms of export subsidies for cotton to be
  eliminated by developed countries in 2006.
• Developed countries will give duty and quota free
  access for cotton exports from least-developed
  countries (LDCs) from the commencement of the
  implementation period.
• it should be implemented over a shorter period of
  time than generally applicable.
• Full commitment to give priority in the
  negotiations to reach such an outcome.

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NAMA Negotiations

• Swiss Formula with coefficients at levels which
  shall inter alia
• Reduce or as appropriate eliminate tariffs,
  including the reduction or elimination of tariff
  peaks, high tariffs and tariff escalation, in
  particular on products of export interest to
  developing countries
• And take fully into account the special needs and
  interests of developing countries, including
  through less than full reciprocity in reduction
  commitments.
• Negotiating Group to finalize its structure and
  details as soon as possible.
• progress have been made to convert non ad valorem
  duties to ad valorem equivalents on the basis of
  an agreed methodology as contained in
  JOB(05)/166/Rev.1.
• instruct the Negotiating Group to establish ways
  to provide flexibilities for small, vulnerable
  economies without creating a sub-category of WTO
  Members.
• Negotiating Group has made progress in the
  identification, categorization and examination of
  notified NTBs.
• establish modalities no later than 30 April 2006
  and to submit comprehensive draft Schedules based
  on these modalities no later than 31 July 2006.

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HKG MC major points

• Balance between Agriculture and NAMA
• important to advance the development objectives
  of this Round through enhanced market access for
  developing countries in both Agriculture and
  NAMA.
• Services negotiations all Members to participate
  actively in these negotiations towards achieving
  a progressively higher level of liberalization of
  trade in services,
• - with appropriate flexibility for individual
  developing countries and
• - and acknowledge that LDCs are not expected to
  undertake new commitments.
• - particular attention will be given to sectors
  and modes of supply of export interest to
  developing countries.
• Rules negotiations Par. 28 29 DDA and main
  concerns for Anti-Dumping and Subsidies and
  Countervailing Measures including Fisheries
  Subsidies and Regional Trade Agreements .

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• TRIPS negotiations progress in the negotiations
  on the establishment of a multilateral system of
  notification and registration of geographical
  indications for wines and spirits, as mandated in
  Article 23.4 of the TRIPS Agreement and paragraph
  18 of the Doha Ministerial Declaration.
• Environment negotiations regular information
  exchange between Multilateral Environmental
  Agreements (MEA) Secretariats and the relevant
  WTO committees, and criteria for the granting of
  observer status.
• Trade Facilitation negotiations Annex E /HKG MC
  mandate and modalities such as for.....
• Publication and Availability of Information -
  time Periods Between Publication and
  Implementation - Consultation and Comments on New
  and Amended Rules -Advance Rulings -Appeal
  Procedures -Other Measures to Enhance
  Impartiality and Non-Discrimination - Fees and
  Charges Connected with Importation and
  Exportation - Formalities Connected with
  Importation and Exportation etc....
• Implementation more appropriate solutions must
  found as a priority to outstanding
  implementation-related issues.
• Small economies Instruction is given to the
  COMTD in ordr to release a report to the GC for
  the 31 December 2006 at the latest.
• Trade, debt and finance Report to be prepared
  for the next session of the GC, based on the DDA
  par.36
• Trade Transfer of technology Report to be
  prepared for the next session of the GC, based on
  the DDA par.37
• E commerce No customs duties on electronic
  transmissions, and report to be prepared for the
  next session of the GC.

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• LDCs
• - Strong commitment to effectively and
  meaningfully integrate LDCs into the multilateral
  trading system and shall continue to implement
  the WTO Work Programme for LDCs adopted in
  February 2002.
• - implement duty-free and quota-free market
  access for products originating from LDCs as
  provided for in Annex F (i.e. SD treatment) to
  the HKG MC.
• - Members shall take additional measures to
  provide effective market access at the border and
  simplified and transparent rules of origin so as
  to facilitate PMA exports.
• - In the services negotiations, Members shall
  implement the LDC modalities and give priority to
  the sectors and modes of supply of export
  interest to LDCs, particularly mode 4.
• - facilitate and accelerate negotiations with
  acceding LDCs based on the accession guidelines
  adopted by the General Council in December 2002
• - TRIPS Council to extend the transition period
  under Article 66.1 (i.e. LDC members) of the
  TRIPS Agreement.
• - reaffirm commitment to enhance effective
  trade-related technical assistance and capacity
  building to LDCs on a priority basis in helping
  to overcome their limited human and institutional
  trade-related capacity to enable LDCs to maximize
  the benefits resulting from the DDA.

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• Integrated Framework and JITAP
• - The Task Force, composed of donor and LDC
  members, will provide recommendations to the IFSC
  (IF Steering Committee) by April 2006.
• - IF shall enter into force no later than
  31 December 2006.
• considering ways that
• - IF provides increased, predictable, and
  additional funding on a multi-year basis
• - it will strengthen the IF in-country,
  including through mainstreaming trade into
  national development plans and poverty reduction
  strategies
• - it will improve the IF decision-making and
  management structure to ensure an effective and
  timely delivery of the increased financial
  resources and programmes.
• - urge the six IF core agencies to continue to
  cooperate closely in the implementation of the
  IF, to increase their investments in this
  initiative and to intensify their assistance in
  trade-related infrastructure, private sector
  development and institution building to help LDCs
  expand and diversify their export base.

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• Technical Cooperation
• substantial increase in trade-related technical
  assistance since the Fourth Session, which
  reflects the enhanced commitment of Members to
  address the increased demand for technical
  assistance, through both bilateral and
  multilateral programmes.
• ensure that programmes focus accordingly on the
  needs of beneficiary countries and reflect the
  priorities and mandates adopted by Members.
• reinforce the partnerships and coordination with
  other agencies and regional bodies
• encourage all Members to cooperate with the
  International Trade Centre (par. 53) , which
  complements WTO work by providing a platform for
  business to interact with trade negotiators, and
  practical advice for small and medium-sized
  enterprises (SMEs) to benefit from the
  multilateral trading system.
• role of the Joint Integrated Technical Assistance
  Programme (JITAP) in building the capacity of
  participating countries.
• - TC structures should be strengthened and its
  resources enhanced.

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• Commodity issues
• - Too much dependence of developing and LDCs on
  the export of commodities
• and the problems they face because of the
  adverse impact of the long-term decline and sharp
  fluctuation in the prices of their major exported
  commodities.
• -Then intensify cooperation with other relevant
  international organizations and report regularly
  to the General Council with possible
  recommendations.
• Aid for Trade See next slide.
• - Must be a complement of the DDA,
• - Should aim to help developing countries,
  particularly LDCs to expand their trade,
• - A task force will provide recommendations to
  the GC by July 2006,
• - Financial resources must be long term secured.
• Accessions
• - Since last MC, Nepal, Cambodia, and Saudi
  Arabia.
• - Still 29 countries under accessions.

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Aid for Trade HKG MC decision

• Aid for trade is a directive of the recent
  Ministerial Conference at Hong Kong in December
  2005,
• Composed of 12 WTO members Barbados, Brazil,
  Canada, China, Colombia, E.U., Japan, India,
  Thailand, USA and the Coordinators of the ACP,
  the African Group, and the LDC Group.
• Ambassador Mia Horn Af Rantzien of Sweden will
  chair the Task Force

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Agriculture Domestic support to
farmersexpressed in of gross agricultural
income
Source OCDE 2004
22
Bumper cropAgricultural subsidy as of value of
gross farm output, 2003
source OECD 2004
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The Groups

• Cairns Group
• 17 main exporting countries of AGR products
  Hostile to EU and US subsidies
• UE and USA
• are the major negotiating countries
• G-90
• (see African Union/Group, ACP, least-developed
  countries)
• MERCOSUR
• Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay

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The GROUPS
G-10countries importing AGR products with a high
level of protectionism Bulgaria, Iceland, Israel,
Japan, Korea, Republic of, Liechtenstein,
Mauritius, Norway, Switzerland, Chinese Taipei
(See European-East Asian grouping) G-20
Brazil and India are the main leaders of the
group negotiating the overall AGR and IND market
access, services and AGR issues with the
Developed countries (1) WT/MIN(03)/W6/Add.2
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, China,
Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Egypt, El
Salvador, Guatemala, India, Mexico, Nigeria,
Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, South
Africa, Thailand, Venezuela (2) WT/L/559
(countries participating in the
1112 December 2003 G-20 Ministerial Meeting)
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, China, Cuba,
Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria,
Pakistan, Paraguay, Philippines, South Africa,
Tanzania, Venezuela, Zimbabwe G-33 (understood
to comprise 42 countries)Developing countries
requiring a SD treatment for certain AGR
sensitive products of their interest Antigua
and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Botswana,
China, Congo, Côte dIvoire, Cuba, Dominican
Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras,
India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Korea,
Mauritius, Madagascar, Mongolia, Mozambique,
Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Peru,
Philippines, Senegal, St Kitts and Nevis, St
Lucia, St Vincent the Grenadines, Sri Lanka,
Suriname, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey,
Uganda, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe
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THE GROUPS

• African Group (41 countries)Angola, Benin,
  Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon,
  Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Congo
  (Democratic Republic), Côte dIvoire, Djibouti,
  Egypt, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea
  Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali,
  Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique,
  Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra
  Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo,
  Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
• African Union/Group, ACP, least-developed
  countries
• (also known as G-90, but with 64 WTO members)
  
• Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Bangladesh,
  Barbados, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso,
  Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African
  Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba,
  Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti,
  Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Fiji, Gabon,
  The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea (Conakry),
  Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya,
  Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali,
  Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique,
  Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Papua
  New Guinea, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint
  Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal,
  Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Africa,
  Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and
  Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
• ASEAN (members of WTO)Brunei, Cambodia (from
  October 2004), Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar,
  Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
• Cairns Group (G/AG/NG/W/11, 35,
  54, 93)Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil,
  Canada (G/AG/NG/W/11, 35, 93), Chile, Colombia,
  Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia, New
  Zealand, Paraguay, Philippines, South Africa,
  Thailand, Uruguay
• CaricomAntigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize,
  Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St Kitts and
  Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines,
  Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname

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Consultations According to Agreement at Issue
27
Complainants
28
Respondents
29
Les pays qui pourraient porter plainte (complainants) devant lOMC contre lUnion Européenne (25 Etats) (respondents)
Produits Subventions annuelles (millions Euros) Taux de subvention Plaignants potentiels (complainants)
Tomates 300 65 Afrique du Sud, Chile, Chine, Mexique, Maroc, Tunisie
Pêches en boite 20 20 Afrique du Sud, Argentine, Chile, Chine
Poires en boîte 15 80 Afrique du Sud, Argentine, Chile, Chine
Jus dagrumes 250 300 Afrique du Sud, Argentine, Brésil, Costa Rica, Maroc
Vins Spiritueux 600 nd Afrique du Sud, Arménie, Chili, Malaisie, Mexique
Tabac 900 300 Brésil, Chine, Guatemala, Inded, Indonésie, Malawi, Mozambique, Ouganda, Sri Lanka, Tanzanie, Zimbabwe
Beurre et Lait écremé 1500 nd Beurre  Afrique du Sud, Argentine, Brésil, Egypte, Maroc, Uruguay Lait écrémé  Egypte, Indonésie, Malaisie, Mexique, Nigéria, République dominicaine, Thailande, Venezuela

Les pays qui pourraient porter plainte
(complainants) devant lOMC contre les USA
(respondents)
Produits Subventions annuelles (millions de US) Taux de subvention Plaignants potentiels
Mais 8000 33 Afrique du Sud, Argentine, Colombie, Equateur, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexique, Paraguay, Pérou, Salvador, Venezuela
Riz 757 44 Costa Rica, Ghana, Haiti, Inde, Mexique, Pakistan, Pérou, Surinam, Thailande, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zambie
Sorgho 544 65 Afrique du Sud, Kenya, Mexique
Source  Courrier International, 788, p.13 (8 au
14/12/2005)
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Leading exporters in world merchandise trade
(2003)Excluding intra-EU trade
SourceIDB/WTO
Rank Countries Billion share of world merchandise exports
1 European Union 938.9 19.0
2 United States 693.9 14.0
3 Japan 416.7 8.4
4 China 325.6 6.6
5 Canada 252.4 5.1
6 South Korea 162.5 3.3
7 Mexico 160.7 3.2
8 Taiwan 135.1 2.7
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Leading importers in world trade merchandise
trade (2003)Excluding intra-EU trade
SourceIDB/WTO
Rank Countries Billion share of world merchandise imports
1 United States 1202.4 23.2
2 European Union 933.1 18.0
3 Japan 337.2 6.5
4 China 295.2 5.7
5 Canada 227.5 4.4
6 Mexico 173.1 3.3
7 South Korea 152.1 2.9
8 Taiwan 112.6 2.2

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Source IDB/WTO
Average applied tariffs By countries income
level ( at purchasing power parity)
GDP per capita output Primary products Resource based Manufacturers Low-tech. Products Medium-tech Products High-tech. Products Machinery
Below 5,000 12.6 12.4 16.1 12.3 8.5 8.1
5,000 - 10,000 14.3 12.4 14.2 11.1 7.0 7.6
10,000 20,000 10.0 9.3 9.9 8.3 5.5 6.1
Above 20,000 3.0 2.8 4.7 2.5 1.0 1.4


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Goods Tariffs

• Tariff binding
• Schedule of concessions (Loose-Leaf Schedules -
  LLF) Art. II
• Re-negociationArt XXVIII

Bound tariff
Applied Tariff
34
World Trade Organization
Presented by Gérard Tourette Counsellor Institute
for Training and Technical Cooperation Telephone
(4122) 739 5419, Fax [phone]
5764, E-mail gerard.tourette_at_wto.org