Where does water come from?

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Where does water come from? Origin of the Solar
System
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Where does water come from? Origin of the Solar
System
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Where does water come from? Origin of the Solar
System
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Accretion Formation of a Terrestrial Planet
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Basic Segregation by Density
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Compositional Layering Density stratification,
with highest density at center
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Water
? Refractory substances condense at higher
temperature, form inner (terrestrial)
planets. These are formed mainly from Fe, Si,
Mg, Al bound to O. ? Planetary accretion
generated heat, causing melting and density
stratification. ? Outgassing of trapped
volatiles in Earth during and after main
accretion process formed oceans. Considerable
water (and other volatiles) still remain in
mantle.
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ORIGIN OF WATER ON EARTH Example of volcanic
outgassing Volatile flux from Earths interior
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• ACCESSIBLE WATER EARTHS SHALLOW CRUST SURFACE
• Most accessible water is saline
• Much of the rest is tied up in ice caps glaciers

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• BRIEF DEFINITION OF SURFACE AND GROUND WATER
• Surface water includes lakes, ponds, rivers,
  streams, etc
• Groundwater includes water in the saturated zone
  beneath the surface
• Soil water occurs above the groundwater zone and
  below surface water
• (here we consider this as part of the
  groundwater system)

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HEAT CAPACITY OF WATER AND ENERGY
TRANSFER Waters high heat capacity and heat of
vaporization help to drive weather patterns.
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DISTRIBUTION OF WATER USE IN THE U.S.

• Groundwater accounts for 25 of use, larger
  fraction of domestic
• and public supply
• - Public supply use includes domestic,
  commercial, and industrial

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U.S. GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWALS

• higher W of Mississippi, due to irrigation needs
  in midwest, lack of
• perennial surface water supply (semi-arid
  climate).

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PA GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWALS Unevenly distributed
groundwater extraction, depends on -
climate - water uses - surface water
availability - population density
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HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND CLIMATE BELTS

• Hadley Cells driven by solar heating part of
  global hydrologic cycle
• Atmospheric convection and phase transformations
  of water serve
• to redistribute heat energy in atmosphere

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HADLEY CELLS

• Three convection cells
• Drive major global
• climate belts
• Equatorial hot, rainy
• 30 N,S deserts
• 55-60 N,S temperate, rainy
• high latitude dry, cold

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HADLEY CELLS DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR DESERTS
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OROGRAPHIC EFFECT ON PRECIPITATION

• Drives regional climate and hydrologic
  variability
• CA example is well known (below)
• Air masses cool during ascent, RH increases, and
  condensation occurs
• this is the orographic effect increased P
  with elevation
• - During descent, dry air warms, RH drops,
  creating rain shadow

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Evaporation Measurement Evaporation Pan
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WATER BUDGETS MEAN ANNUAL EVAPORATION
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Fate of Precipitation
E-T
E-T
interflow
precipitation
groundwater flow
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Components of streamflow
IMMEDIATE, SMALL VOL.
SLOW-ISH SMALL VOL.
FAST, LARGE VOL.
SLOW, MODERATE VOL.
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SURFACE WATER EXAMPLE OF A CATCHMENT (
DRAINAGE BASIN, WATERSHED, HYDROLOGIC BASIN)
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SUSQUEHANNA DRAINAGE BASIN
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HYDROGRAPH, 2006
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Surface Water Budget Example
Rin
P
ET
ET
GW
Rout
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Ground Water Budget Example
Fin
I
D
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GROUNDWATER BUDGET

• Example of effects caused
• by pumping in high plains
• aquifer

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GROUNDWATER BUDGET OVERDRAFT IN THE HIGH-PLAINS
AQUIFER (OGALLALA)
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GROUNDWATER BUDGET EXAMPLE LONG ISLAND NEW
EQUILIBRIUM WHEN INFILTRATION CHANGES
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GROUNDWATER BUDGET EXAMPLE ROLE OF COMBINATION
OF CLIMATE AND PUMPING (San Joaquin Valley, CA)
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GROUNDWATER BUDGET MITIGATING OVERDRAFT FAST
RECHARGE PONDS IN ORLANDO, FL