MCAS BIOLOGY REVIEW Biochemistry and Cell Biology

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MCAS BIOLOGY REVIEWBiochemistry and Cell
Biology

• Ms. Mezzetti
• Lynn English High School

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1.1 BASIC CHEMISTRY

• Recognize that biological organisms are composed
  primarily of very few elements.
• The six most common are C, H, N, O, P, S.
• All living organisms are composed of organic
  molecules. Organic molecules contain carbon.
  Therefore, all living organisms contain carbon
• The six most abundant elements in nature are
  carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus
  and sulfur.

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1.2 ORGANIC MOLECULES

• Describe the basic molecular structures and
  primary functions of the four major categories of
  organic molecules

ORGANIC MOLECULE MONOMER/POLYMERS FUNCTIONS
CARBOHYDRATES C-H-O 121 RATIO MONOSACCHARIDES POLYSACCHARIDES SHORT TERM ENERGY/ STRUCTURAL IN PLANTS SUGARS AND STARCHES
LIPIDS C-H-O HYDROCARBONS FATTY ACIDS/GLYCEROL STEROIDS/ WAXES LONG TERM ENERGY/ INSULATION
PROTEINS C-H-O-N sometimes S AMINO ACIDS POLYPEPTIDES STRUCTURAL/ENZYMES/TRANSPORT/MUSCLE FIBER
NUCLEIC ACIDS C-H-O-N-P NUCLEOTIDES DNA/RNA STORE GENETIC INFO/MAKE PROTEINS
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CARBS
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
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2.1 CELL ORGANELLES

• Relate cell parts/organelles to their functions.

ORGANELLE STRUCTURE FUNCTION
plasma membrane protects, supports and is semipermeable-allows substances in and out of cell
nucleus contains DNA/chromosomes which controls cells activities
nuclear envelope surrounds nucleus, lets mRNA leave nucleus
cytoplasm everything between nucleus and plasma membrane
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Animal Cell
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Plant Cell
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2.1 CELL ORGANELLES
PSEUDOPOD
CILIA
FLAGELLUM
Found mostly in animal cells all used for cell
movement
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2.1 Role of cell membrane

• Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly
  selective barrier (diffusion, osmosis,
  facilitated diffusion, and active transport).

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Role of cell membrane-osmosis
Osmosis diffusion of water
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2.2 PROKARYOTES/EUKARYOTES

• Compare and contrast, at the cellular level,
  prokaryotes and eukaryotes (general structures
  and degrees of complexity).

PROKARYOTES BOTH EUKARYOTES
No nucleus DNA Membrane bound nucleus
No membrane bound organelles Ribosomes Membrane bound organelles-ER golgi bodies mitochondria lysosome
Bacteria Plasma membrane Animal, plant, protist and fungi cells
Simple cells Cytoplasm Complex cells
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2.2 PROKARYOTES/EUKARYOTES
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2.3 CELLULAR EVIDENCE FOR 6 KINGDOMS

• Use cellular evidence
• cell structure
• cell number,
• cell reproduction
• modes of nutrition
• to describe the six kingdoms (Archaebacteria,
  Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia).

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7 LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION
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2.3 SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE
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2.4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• Identify the reactants, products, and basic
  purposes of photosynthesis and cellular
  respiration.
• Takes place in the chloroplasts of plants
• Produces glucose plants convert to starch for
  storage, cellulose for structure and ATP for
  energy.

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2.4 CELL RESPIRATION

• Takes place in the mitochondria
• Process produces ATP
• Aerobic respiration requires oxygen
• Anaerobic- no oxygen fermentation takes place
  in cytosol

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• 2.4 Explain the interrelated nature of
  photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the
  cells of photosynthetic organisms.

• Plants are autotrophs-produce their own food
• Animals are heterotrophs-rely on other organisms
  for their nutrition (food).

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2.5 Explain the important role that ATP
serves in metabolism.
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2.6 MITOSIS/CELL CYCLE

• Describe the cell cycle and the process of
  mitosis.

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• 2.6 MITOSIS
• Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of
  new cells, and its importance in maintaining
  chromosome number during asexual reproduction.
• Purpose of mitosis is for growth and repair in
  somatic (body cells)

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2.7 Meiosis-Describe how the process of meiosis
results in the formation of haploid cells.
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2.8 Compare and contrast a virus and a cell in
terms of genetic material and reproduction.

• Viruses can contain DNA and RNA
• Viruses can not reproduce on their own
• They need to invade a host cell to reproduce
• Bacteriophages invade bacteria inject their DNA
  into the host cell