Mobile Computing

1
Chapter 2Wireless Networking
2
Outline

• Evolution of Mobile Communication Systems
• GPRS Overview
• Introduction to 3G
• Mobile Data Services
• 3G Terminals
• Products Demo

3
Evolution of Mobile Communication Systems
4
Cellular Networks

• North America
• 1G
• AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) Analog
• 2G
• NAMPS Analog
• TDMA (IS-54, IS-136) Digital
• CDMA (IS-95) Digital
• 3G
• IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications
  for the year 2000) Digital

5
Cellular Networks

• European
• 1G
• TACS (Total Access Communication System) Analog
• NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) Analog NMT-450,
  NMT-900
• 2G
• GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)
  Digital GSM900, DCS1800, DCS1900
• 3G
• UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications
  Systems) Digital

6
Cellular Networks

• Japan
• 2G
• PDC (Personal Digital Cellular)
• Germany
• 1G
• C-Nets
• 2G
• GSM

7
Cordless Telephones

• European
• CT1, CT2 (Cordless Telephone, second generation)
• DECT (Digital European Cordless
  Telecommunications)
• America
• PACS (Personal Access Communications System)
• Canada
• CT2Plus (CT2, enhanced version)
• Japan
• PHS (Personal Handyphone System)

8
Packet Networks

• RAM/Mobitex,
• ARDIS/Modacom
• TETRA (Trans European Trunked Radio System)

9
Data over Cellular

• CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data, over AMPS)
• GPRS-136 (over IS-136 TDMA)
• IS-95B (over CDMA)
• HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data)
• GPRS (General Packet Radio Service, over GSM)
• EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution)
• ECSD (Enhanced Circuit-Switched Data
  circuit-mode)
• EGPRS (Enhanced GPRS packet-mode)

10
Paging

• Germany, France, Switzerland
• Eurosignal in 1970s
• Pan-European
• ERMES (European Radio Message System) in 1992

11
Coverage and Bit Rate
12
Migration
13
Evolving Towards Broadband Era
1
st Generation
2
nd
Generation
3
rd Generation
1997 1998
1999
2000
2001 2002 2003
Analog
Digital
DAMPS/TDMA
?
AMPS
IMT-2000/UMTS
Text messaging CDPD
Data
W
-
CDMA
Data No
N/A
N/A
Speed (kbps)
CDMA 2000
Frequency
Frequency
824893 MHz
824893 MHz
TACS
GSM
Frequency
GPRS EDGE
18852025MHz
Data
Text messaging HSCSD
and
9.614.4
64
Speed (kbps)
115144
384Kbps
21102200MHz
Frequency
900, 1800, 1900 MHz
CDMA
Speed
Text messaging
CSD for CDMA PSD for CDMA
Data
1152048 Kbps
Data No
N/A
N/A
N/A
Speed (kbps)
Frequency
PDC
Text messaging PDC P
Data
9.614.4
N/A
Speed (kbps)
18001900 MHz
Frequency
14
Evolution of Mobile Data
1.SMS Messaging 2.Web Mail 3.Information
Services 4.Financial Services- Information
Access 5.Financial Services -
transactions 6.Mobile banking 7.Mobile
Shopping 8.Internet Access
15
GPRS OVERVIEW
16
Data Services from GSM to GPRS
17
GPRS Main Improvements

• Higher transmission rates
• four new coding schemes allow different data
  rates ofCS-1 9.05 kbit/s, CS-2 13.4 kbit/s (in
  10/00)
• CS-3 15.6 kbit/s, CS-4 21.4 kbit/s (in E/01)
• channel combining
• Increased radio resource efficiency
• radio resources will be used only during data
  transmission
• shared access of the same channel
• Connection of GSM and IP world
• Volume dependent charging
• Faster session set-up
• Always connected

18
GPRS Covered Applications
19
GPRS an Ideal Transport for WAP

• WAP-enabled GPRS terminals/handsets will provide
  
• easy access to the world of information at
  your fingertips

20
WAP Migration from GSM to GPRS
21
WAP and GPRS are the Enabler for Converting Voice
and Data
22
Integration of 2G and 3G
23
Conceptual Network Architecture of GPRS / 3G
24
3G Introduction
25
The Third Generation Systems

• Specifications 3GPP WCDMA 3GPP2 CDMA2000
• High data rate for Video transmission and
  networking
• Main applications audio video phones?stock
  exchange? e-mail?mobile banking?mobile
  Internet?e-maps?Information or news etc.
  

26
Characteristics of 3G

• Wideband CDMA
• Multimedia applications
• better audio quality
• increased capacity
• better bandwidth efficiency
• high data rate
• integration with 2G systems
• global roaming

27
Spectrum
28
License
29
Data Transmission Rate

• Outdoor (rural)
• maximum rate 144 kbit/s
• maximum speed 500 km/h
• Outdoor (suburb)
• maximum rate 384 kbit/s
• maximum speed 120 km/h
• Indoor and Metropolitan
• maximum rate 2 Mbit/s
• maximum speed 10 km/h

30
Handover/roaming and service continuity between
all modes
2
31
Content Adaptation
A BRIDGE
23K bytes 24-bit color 192x192
4K bytes 4-bit grey 96x96
8K bytes 256 color 128x128
600 bytes BW 64x64
16 bytes Text
Time to transmit at 14.4k bps (in seconds)
16.4 5.7
2.9
0.42
0.01
Intelligent Filtering
32
Broadband and Services
GSM _at_ 9.6 kbps
GPRS _at_ 56 kbps
3 mins
3 mins
15 secs
15 secs
EDGE/UMTS _at_ 384 kbps
GPRS _at_ 115 kbps
3 mins
3 mins
15 secs
15 secs
33
What are the Driving Forces ? Mobile Internet
Services Applications
Downloading a 2MBytes music file

• CSD at 9.6 kbit/s
• GPRS at 100 kbit/s
• EDGE at 384 kbit/s
• UMTS at 2 Mbit/s

30 mn
3 mn
41 s
8 s
2
34
Conceptual Service Diagram
35
Multimedia Services
36
Voice and Data Markets
37
Mobile and Internet Markets
38
M-Business Mobile and internet
1995
2000
2005
2010
Source Ovum, ICN M CM
39
Mobile Data Services
40
Global Trends in Mobile Communications
World

• GSM grows steady
• voice market starts to saturate
• new technical possibilities

Other technologies
GSM

• Focus on revenue generation
• Focus on subscriber base growth

OR
NEW SERVICES
Source Siemens
41
Predictions for Mobile Data Market
Growth in subscriber base and data volume lead to
exponential revenue increase
30
25
20
Mbytes per user per month
15
Today
1.8 Mb/user/month
10
5
0
1995
1998
2001
1996
1997
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2005
1.8 Mb/month21 bits/sec/user/BH
Source UMTS Forum
42
An Example of Mobile Data Services i-mode (NTT
DoCoMo)

• I-mode gained 4½ million subscribers within the
  first 10 month of operation
• subscribers have access to hundreds of content
  proverders and thousands of Web sites
• content avalible that business users and
  consumers want and need
• successful due to creation of a complete
  ecosystem
• applications, network and terminals

43
Mobile Data The Value Chain Possibilities
Advantages of occupying the element
Operator has the opportunities to get into the
service and content provisioning for mobile data

• Traditional business
• Existing customer relationship
• Owner of equipment
• Separation IT Telecom

• Closer customerrelationship
• Joint fixed/mobile offering
• Value Added Offering possible
• Evolution towards GPRS/UMTS

• Control over content
• Content revenues
• Quick application roll out
• Entrance to vertical market

Operator
User
Content Provider
Service Provider

• Higher Churn rate through lack of control over
  content
• Missed Opportunities in Internet Business
• Decreasing Margins
• Less control over customer relationship

• RoI
• Requiredknow how
• lack of control over content and quality

• RoI
• Strong competition
• Appropriate alliances
• Requiredknow how

Risks of occupying the element
44
M-Business future value chain
45
Detailed Value Chain for M-Business
Content Packagers
Content Provider
Service Packagers
Service Provider
Retailers
Users
Network Operators
Infrastructure
Terminals
Supplier
Equipment Vendor
100 current PLMN
partly current PLMN
46
Billing Possibilities
What do users accept?
Keep it transparent to your customers
47
In the voice arena, the network operator captures
more than 70 of the market
Traditional value chain split in the market
Source Arthur D. Little / Lucent Technologies
48
Importance of Roles
Future value chain split in the market
The network operators must ensure that the
content will be accessed through their network -
otherwise they will miss out
Advertisement revenues
Source Arthur D. Little / Lucent Technologies
49
Business Model (1)
Todays voice dominated world
GSM/UMTS
Advertisement

• Example
• Voice, fax
• WLL
• email

Revenue Flow
50
Business Model (2)
User pays for access and ASP

• Example
• Online Banking
• E-cash
• appointment

GSM/UMTS
Application Service Provider
Advertisement
Content Provider
Revenue Flow
51
Business Model (3)
User pay only for content/ASP

• Example
• Personal radio
• Interactive games
• e-betting

GSM/UMTS
Application Service Provider
Advertisement
Content Provider
Revenue Flow
52
Business Model (4)
User contracts only Operator

• Example
• Tourist Info
• Sports results
• Micropayment e.g. Parking, Vending

GSM/UMTS
Application Service Provider
Advertisement
Content Provider
Revenue Flow
53
Business Model (5)
User contracts with ASP

• Example
• Government Services
• Car Perfomance Monitor
• Gaming e.g. Nintendo

GSM/UMTS
Application Service Provider
Advertisement
Revenue Flow
54
Applications Category
Application Types
Interaction and Commerce Reservation
Booking Intelligent Vending Machine i.e. Drinks,
Cigarettes, Tickets Interactive Shopping Online
Auctions Prepaid recharging (Honey Money)
Banking Services Bank Account Enquiry Online
Banking Stock Trading
Entertainment/Games Trivial Pursuit Interactive
Games (Chess) e-postcard Audio streaming Betting
(horse race) Lotto, Bingo
Mobile Office e-Mail Organizer Corporate
Directory Voice-Mail Fax Notifications Unified
Messaging Intranet Access
Information services Tourist Information Hotel
Restaurant Finder Public Directory
Services Horoscope News (all types) i.e. world,
sports, financial, travel, traffic, events,
weather, TV-program,
Location Services Restaurant-Finder Navigation
Guide
Surveillance Security Video Surveillance Househ
old Devices Control Traffic Guidance
Education
55
3G Terminals
56
Trends of Handsets
TEXT
FILES
VIDEO CLIPS
Typical applications
Web browsing business processes leisure
services e-commerce
Simple messaging Event notification Push/pull
info services Simple e-commerce
E-commerce (interactive shopping, adverts
etc) Entertainment services Business processes
Typical file size
.DOC (text) 200 kB .XL (s/sheet)
200 kB .PPT (graphics) 1,000 kB .GIF (photo)
100 kB .HTML (web page) 30 kB
SMS 0.2 kB E-mail 5 kB WML 2 kB
MPEG-4 (30sec video) 4 MB MPEG-3 (3 min audio)
2 MB
GSM
GPRS
EDGE/UMTS
57
Concepts of 3G Handsets

• Data Rates 384k2M bps
• Color screen of high resolution
• and quality
• Support multimedia
• Dual mode (GSM/UMTS) operation
• Bluetooth transmission viable
• Global roaming

58
Products Demo
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