Growth

1
Growth and Development
A titan of an endeavor
Grade 8 Health with Mr. Springer
2
Overview

• Male/Female Reproductive Systems
• Heredity and Environment
• pp. 455-460 (Unit 2)
• The Beginning of Life
• pp. 450-455 (Unit 1)
• From Childhood to Adolescence
• pp. 460-465 (Unit 3)
• Adulthood and Aging
• pp. 465-470 (Unit 4)

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Male Female Reproductive Systems!!
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Female Reproductive System
6. Sperm
1. Fallopian Tubes
7. Ovum
3. Uterus
2. Ovary
8. Path of Ovum
4. Cervix
5. Vagina
5
Female Vocabulary
Fallopian Tubes route of travel for ovum (egg
cell) site of fertilization (two 4 tubes).
Ovary bulb shaped glands that store egg cells.
Girls are born with eggs, but they mature during
puberty.
Uterus Strong, pear-shaped organ (womb), houses
and nourishes the fertilized egg during nine
months of growth.
Cervix Opening to the uterus. Expands (dilates)
during birth.
Vagina Elastic passageway 4-5 inches long.
Sperm is received through this passageway and it
acts as a birth canal.
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Female Vocabulary
Puberty Maturation and preparation of body for
birthing.
Menstruation - If fertilization does not take
place, the lining of the uterus breaks down and
passes out of the body (process of menstruation/
a womans period). Occurs every 28-30 days.
During menstruation A small amount of blood,
other liquid, and tissue leaves the body through
the vagina. Lasts from 3-7 days.
Menstruation Cycle The time from one
menstruation to the next (time between).
Egg Cell (Ova) The female reproductive cell.
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Male Reproductive System
Bladder
Seminal Vesicle
Prostate Gland
Urethra
Vas Deferens
Epididymis
Penis
Testicle
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Male Vocabulary
Bladder collects urine from kidneys to be
expelled through urethra.
Urethra narrow tube passing through penis used
to pass semen and urine, but not at the same time.
Penis tubular, external organ, made of spongy
tissue and many small blood vessels. Sperm and
urine are released from the penis.
Seminal Vesicle - glands that create fluid that
contributes to the creation of semen (70).
Semen milky, sticky fluid containing sperm.
Its purpose is to carry sperm out the penis.
Composed of liquid from various organs.
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Male Vocabulary
Prostate Gland secretes fluid that contributes
to the make-up of semen (30). Serves to maintain
a PH level appropriate for sperm life.
Vas Deferens stores sperm in anticipation of
ejaculation, and expels the sperm (via
contraction of smooth muscle/peristalsis) into
the urethra where it meets with other fluid to
form semen.
Epididymis coiled tubules on top of the
testicles that store, mature, and transport the
sperm to the vas deferens.
Testicle/Testes reproductive glands that
produce sperm, during puberty they reach adult
size. They are housed in the scrotum.
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Heredity and Environment
17-2
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Heredity

• Heredity is the passing of traits from one parent
  to their children.

• Traits include characteristics such as eye color,
  hair color, and body shape.

• Traits can also include talents, abilities, and
  even tendencies to develop certain diseases and
  health issues.

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How are Traits Passed?

• Traits are passed on by means of chromosomes and
  genes.

• Chromosomes are threadlike structures in the
  nucleus of a cell, and contain codes for
  inherited traits.

• Almost every cell in the human body has 46
  chromosomes.

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Chromosome Pictures
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How are Traits Passed?

• The female egg and male sperm are the only cells
  to have less than 46.

• Each of the two cells has 23 chromosomes, and
  combine to make an egg with 46 chromosomes.

• The tiny bits of information carried within these
  chromosomes are called Genes.

• Each child carries a different combination of
  genes and chromosomes, therefore children from
  the same parents are never exactly the same.

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Non-Twin Siblings
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Fraternal Twin Siblings
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Identical Twin Siblings
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Genetic Disorders

• Genetic Disorders occur when genes from one or
  both parents are abnormal or changed.

• Can occur when the fertilized egg has more or
  less than 46 chromosomes.

• A person with Down Syndrome has an extra
  chromosome.

• The blood disease, Sickle-Cell Anemia, occurs
  when there is an abnormality or defect in a
  certain gene.

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Sickle-Cell Anemia
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Environment

• Environment is the sum total of a persons
  surroundings.

• While the Fetus is developing, the Uterus of the
  mother is its environment.

• Harmful/Unhealthy activities and actions of the
  mother affect the fetus adversely.

• Healthy mothers are likely to have healthy
  babies.

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Prenatal Care

• Prenatal Care is the steps taken to provide for
  the health of a pregnant female and her baby.

• During pregnancy, the mother will visit a doctor
  who specializes in pregnancy (an Obstetrician).

• Obstetricians may use Ultrasound technology,
  which utilizes sound waves, to form a picture of
  the baby in the Uterus, and track development of
  baby.

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Prenatal Care

• Eating healthy foods.

• Participating in moderate exercise.

• Getting plenty of rest.

• Avoiding Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs.

• Talking to a doctor or healthcare provider before
  using any medicines.

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Birth Defects

• Birth Defects are abnormalities present at birth
  that cause physical or mental disability or
  death.

• Prevented via good prenatal care.

• Some Birth Defects are caused by genetic
  disorders and abnormalities.

• There are six environmental factors for a mother
  to consider.

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1 Poor Nutrition

• While in the Uterus, the Fetus relies on its
  mother for all its needs.

• Premature birth, or low birth weight can be a
  result of poor nutrition on the mothers part.

• Leads to a risk of developing mental and physical
  disabilities.

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Poor Nutrition Pictures
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2 Alcohol Use

• Alcohol is carried to the Fetus through the
  mothers blood.

• Alcohol makes it difficult for the baby to get
  oxygen and nourishment it requires to develop.

• Drinking during pregnancy can result in Fetal
  Alcohol Syndrome (FAS).

• Children with FAS may have physical problems and
  learning disabilities.

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FAS Pictures
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3 Medicine and Other Drugs

• Drugs affect both the mother and the unborn child.

• Any drugs taken by the mother should be approved
  by the doctor or healthcare provider.

• IF a pregnant woman takes illegal drugs or
  prescription drugs, the baby may be born with a
  drug addiciton.

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4 Infections

• Rubella (German Measles) can lead to a baby being
  born Deaf and/or suffering from other health
  issues.

• Being vaccinated against certain diseases prior
  to becoming pregnant is important for a healthy
  pregnancy and birth.

• Spontaneous abortion occurs 20 of the time in
  affected mothers.

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5 Tobacco

• Affects the growth of the Fetus.

• Has a negative affect on the growth rate of the
  Fetus.

• Can result in premature birth and low birth
  weight.

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6 STDs

• STDs can be passed from a mother to her child
  during pregnancy.

• Herpes and Syphilis are two examples of STDs that
  can be easily passed and are very harmful for the
  baby.

• STDs can cause brain damage, blindness, and even
  death.

• Because STDs such as Herpes and Syphilis can show
  no visible symptoms, it is important for a mother
  to talk to her doctor immediately if she thinks
  she might have an STD.

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STD Born Baby Pictures
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The Beginning of Life
17-1
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Fertilization

• The body starts as a single fertilized cell.

• Fertilization is the joining together of a male
  sperm cell and a female egg cell to form one cell.

• The reproductive cell from the mother that joins
  with a sperm to make new life is called an egg
  cell.

• The cell from the father that enters the egg cell
  during fertilization is the sperm cell.

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Fertilization

• Takes place in one of the mothers two fallopian
  tubes.

• Once fertilized, the egg cell creates a film
  stopping entrance of other sperm cells.

• Fertilized egg then travels down the fallopian
  tube and implants itself in the uterus.

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Fertilization Pictures
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Growth During Pregnancy

• The Uterus is a pear-shaped organ inside the
  females body where the embryo is protected and
  nourished.

• An Embryo is the developing organism
  (fertilization until about the eighth week) and
  is a cluster of cells.

• The embryo attaches itself to the inside wall of
  the mothers uterus, where cells continue to
  divide and specify their roles in the developing
  organism.

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Growth During Pregnancy

• The developing embryo is considered a Fetus from
  the end of week eight until birth.

• Organs will have begun to develop by the end of
  week eight.

• The fetus will grow and develop until about nine
  months.

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Growth Inside the Uterus

• In order for the fetus to grow, it must receive
  nourishment.

• The Placenta is a thick, rich tissue that lines
  the walls of uterus during pregnancy and that
  nourishes the fetus.

• Food and oxygen travel to the fetus from the
  placenta through the Umbilical Cord, which also
  carries away waste products.

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Placenta/Umbilical Pics
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Placenta/Umbilical Picture
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Development
Until Second Month The heart, brain and lungs of
the embryo are forming. It is about one-third of
an inch long.
End of Second Month The heart of the fetus begins
to beat, and all other organs are developing. The
fetus is about 1 inch long.
End of Third Month The fetus begins to move
around. Weight 1 oz Length 3 in.
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Development
End of Fourth Month The facial features of the
fetus are well developed and its mother can feel
it move. Weight 6 oz Length 5 in.
End of Fifth Month The eyelashes and nails of the
fetus appear and its heartbeat can be
heard. Weight 1 lbs Length 10 in.
End of Sixth Month The fetus can hear, kick
swallow, and open and close its mouth. Weight
1.5 lbs Length 12.5 in.
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Development
End of Seventh Month The fetus can open its eyes
and move its arms and legs freely. Weight 2-2.5
lbs Length 14.5 in.
End of Eighth Month The fetuss hair is getting
longer and its skin becomes smoother. Weight 4
lbs Length 18 in.
End of Ninth Month The babys organs are all
ready to work on their own Weight 7-9
lbs Length 18-20 in.
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Stages of Development Pics
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Stages of Development
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Stages of Birth

• Stage One Contractions occur in the uterus
  (muscles gently squeeze and release). The Cervix,
  which is the entry to the uterus, begins to
  dilate (open).

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Stages of Birth

• Stage Two Cervix continues to dilate and
  contractions become stronger pushing the baby
  through the cervix, down the birth canal, and out
  the mothers body.

• Stage Three Once the baby is born, the placenta
  is no longer needed, so contractions occur until
  the placenta is expelled.

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Placenta/Umbilical Picture
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From Childhood to Adolescence
17-3
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Infancy

• Infancy is the first year of life.

• Height and weight triple during this period.

• Child begins to move around and explore the
  world.

• When needs are met in a loving and consistent
  way, he or she learns to trust people and feel
  safe.

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Early Childhood

• Toddlers are children between the ages of 1 and 3
  who are learning to walk and talk.

• Time when they learn to do things on their own.

• Exploration and discovery through success and
  failure are ways to learn and test their
  abilities.

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Success/Failure
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Middle Childhood

• Preschoolers are children between the ages of 3
  and 5.

• Time of life full of curiosity and exploration.

• Preschoolers explore through imagination and
  asking questions.

• Encouragement, and praise for trying new things
  are vital to successful development.

• Enjoy mimicking adults, making adult behavior
  influential.

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Late Childhood

• Ages 6-11 years old

• School is an important environment.

• Social skills, making friends, and discovery of
  the outside world.

• Growth is slower and steadier.

• Creative period of growth characterized by
  putting a lot of energy into drawing and
  building.

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Adolescence
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Physical Development

• Adolescence is the second-fastest period of
  physical growth.

• Puberty is the time when youth start developing
  physical characteristics of adults of your
  gender.

• Usually starts between the ages of 8 and 14.

• Girls typically begin puberty earlier than boys
  do, but this is not always the case.

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Physical Changes During Puberty
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Physical Changes During Puberty
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Physical Changes During Puberty
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Emotional Development

• Emotional changes are a normal part of
  adolescence.

• Mood swings can make a person happy one minute
  and sad the next.

• Mood swings can be confusing and unpleasant, but
  they are a normal part of adolescence.

• Largely a result of hormonal changes in the body.

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Emotional Development

• Response to Mood Swings is important.

• Talk about feelings with others.

• Listen to music, play sports, take a walk, spend
  time with family.

• Managing emotions is a healthy way to develop
  emotional health.

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Social Development

• Transitioning from adolescence to adulthood
  involves many developmental tasks that help you
  grow socially, by helping you relate to others in
  a positive way.

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Developmental Tasks

• Establish independence from your parents and
  other adults.

• Spend time alone and learn more about yourself.

• Consider what is important to you in life.

• Approach life like an adult, using your
  intelligence and reasoning to solve problems.

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Developmental Tasks

• Accept your body and its characteristics.

• Form mature relationships with people of both
  genders.

• Become interested in your community and show that
  you care about it.

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Adulthood and Aging
17-4
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Early/Young Adulthood

• Many people are busy pursuing educations,
  careers, or job training.

• New interests and friendships.

• Marriage and family.

• Lasts from 19 30 years of age.

70
Middle Adulthood

• Advancement in career field (Increased
  responsibility or developing new skills).

• Raising children.

• Preparing for retirement.

• Lasts from ages 31-60.

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Late Adulthood

• Begins around 60 years of age.

• Many look to retire from their jobs.

• Partake in volunteer and/or family activities.

• Hopefully are healthy as a result of good eating
  and exercise habits developed during teen years.

• Lasts from ages 61 and on.

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Measuring Age

• I feel younger than I actually am.
• Anonymous PE Department Staff Member

• Why?
• Good health and a positive attitude!

• Age can be measured three different ways

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Chronological Age

• Chrono Greek for time

• Chronological Age is age measured in years.

• (The amount of time you have been living since
  you were born).

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Biological Age

• Biological Age is determined by how well various
  body parts are working.

• Affected by diet, exercise, and heredity.

• Healthy life choices longer duration of healthy
  body.

• Physical changes occur naturally despite age.

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Social Age

• Social Age is your age measured by your lifestyle
  and the connections you have with others.

• Deals with activities society expects you to
  partake in at certain stages of your life.

• Some adults may have a low social age if, for
  example, they choose to delay entering into the
  work force.

• Ex.
• Young child grow, learn, and play.
• Adult work and contribute to the community.

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Balancing Health

• Physical Health is important as you get older to
  prevent illness and disability.

• Largely a result of exercise and diet.

• Adults who take care of themselves in this manner
  usually have a younger Biological Age than their
  Chronological Age.

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Balancing Health

• Mental and Emotional Health is equally as
  important as Physical Health.

• Adults who read, take classes, volunteer, or work
  are more likely to maintain good Mental/Emotional
  Health.

• Prevention of diseases such as Alzheimers.

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Balancing Health

• Social Health is important for the individual and
  those around him or her.

• Being involved with other people is important to
  good social health.

• When older people stay in contact with friends
  and family, they are better suited to cope with
  the challenges of aging.

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Triangle of Balance

• Social Health

You!

• Mental/Emotional Health

• Physical Health

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The Miracle of Life Video