Kingdom: Plants Domain: Eukarya

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Kingdom PlantsDomain Eukarya
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What is the first plants?

• For more than the first 3 billion years of
  Earths history, the terrestrial surface was
  lifeless
• Life evolved in the seas
• 1st photosynthetic organisms were aquatic green
  algae, charophytes

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What evidence defends that plants evolved from
green algae?

1. Cell walls are both made of cellulose
2. Peroxisome enzymes
3. Structure of flagellated sperm
4. Formation of a phragmoplast, (vessicles derived
   from Golgi bodies form a cell plates)

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What are the advantages/adaptation for
terrestrial plants?

• A waxy cuticle- protection from drying out
• Gas exchange through stomates
• nutrient-rich soil
• Abundant CO2
• Less predators

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What are some disadvantages of land plants?

• a scarcity of water
• lack of structural support

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What is the difference between vascular
non-vascular plants?

• Vascular
• Xylem-transports water
• Phloem- transports food
• Nonvascular no xylem or phloem
• Therefore short in height

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What were the 1st land plants?

• Bryophytes mosses, liverworts hornworts
• Non-vascular
• No true roots have Protonema root-like
  structures that absorb water and minerals.
• Rhizoids Anchors plants.
• Lifecycle dominated by haploid gametophyte stage
• Antheridia male gametophytes, produces swimming
  flagellated sperm
• Archegonia female gametophytes, produce eggs and
  are the site of fertilization
• Spores for reproduction
• Haploid cells which sprout to form gametophyte

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What is alternation of generations?

• A reproductive cycle in which plants alternate
  between two multicellular stages.
• The gametophyte is haploid and produces haploid
  gametes by mitosis
• Fusion of the gametes gives rise to the diploid
  sporophyte, which produces haploid spores by
  meiosis
• The diploid embryo is retained within the tissue
  of the female gametophyte
• Land plants are called embryophytes because of
  the dependency of the embryo on the parent

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What are the Ecological and Economic Importance
of Mosses

• capable of inhabiting diverse and extreme
  environments (common in moist forests and
  wetlands)
• Some mosses might help retain nitrogen in the
  soil
• Sphagnum, or peat moss, forms deposits of
  partially decayed organic material known as peat
• Sphagnum is an important global reservoir of
  organic carbon

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What are some advantages for vascular plants?

• Lignin, water-conducting cells are strengthened
  by and provide structural support
• Increased height for competition of sunlight

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What were the first vascular plants?

• Ferns, whisk ferns horsetails and club mosses
• Has true roots, leaves stems
• Swimming, flagellated sperm
• Life cycle dominated by sporophyte stage
• Spores for reproduction- haploid cells which
  sprout to form gametophytes

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Explain the alternation of generation for ferns

• Fern gametophyte (1n)
• Small haploid plant which produces gametes
• A sorus (pl. sori) is a cluster of sporangia.
  Sori are located on the underside of the leaves.
• Homospory male female on the same plant

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What are Gymnosperms?

• The 1st type of seeded plants
• Conifers, Ginkos and Cycads
• Vascular
• heterospory male vs. female gametophytes
• naked seeds not enclosed by ovaries
• Pollen, eliminated the requirement for
  fertilization
• Spread through wind animals

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What are Angiosperms?

• Flowering plants
• Vascular
• Heterspory
• Megaspores produces eggs
• Microspores produces sperm
• Has flowers, modified leaves for sexual
  reproduction
• Seeds with fruit
• Pollen
• Life cycle dominated by sporophyte stage
• Trees and bushes are diploid
• Gametophytes (microscopic)

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What are key adaptations for seed plants?

• Having seeds, consisting of an embryo
  nutrients surrounded by a protective coat can be
  dormant for years
• Reduced gametophytes
• Heterospory
• Megaspores produces eggs
• Microspores produces sperm
• Ovules consist of a megasporangium, megaspore,
  and one or more protective integuments increases
  protection of egg
• Pollen Microspores develop into pollen grains,
  which contain the male gametophytes eliminates
  need for a film of water and can be dispersed
  great distances by air or animals

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What are the 4 modified types of leaves of a
flower?

• Sepals enclose the flower
• Petals brightly colored and attract pollinators
• Stamens the male structures which produce pollen
  on their terminal anthers
• Carpels the female structures which produce
  ovules

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What is the function of flowers fruits?

• Flowers attract pollinators
• A fruit a mature ovary (fleshy or dry)
• Various fruit adaptations help disperse seeds
• Fruits protect seeds and aid in their dispersal
• Seeds can be carried by wind, water, or animals
  to new locations

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What are the two clades/groups of Angiosperms?

• Eudicot/

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How do Humans depend on seed plants?

• key sources of food, fuel, wood products, and
  medicine

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What are some threats to Plant Diversity?

• Destruction of habitat is causing extinction of
  many plant species
• Loss of plant habitat is often accompanied by
  loss of the animal species that plants support

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