Computer Literacy Concept A Random Look

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Computer Literacy Concept A Random Look
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A Computer System?
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A Real Computer System?
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Computer Termsmeaning not always obvious
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Microsoft
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Three big uses of PCs 3 Applications on PCs
(b) Spreadsheets
The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.
(a) Word processing
(c) Database Management
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(d) Current Big Use of Personal Computers

• Browsing the Internet and email
• Digital images (still and movies)

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Ways to connect a home system to the Internet
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LAN for a School or Work Environment
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email
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(a) Review Word-processing
From typing to page design and publication
quality Review Tutorials on Word Processing from
Word Basics to Word Advanced Editing.
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(b) Lab--Review Spreadsheets
Spreadsheet Basics
Spreadsheet, a computerized Matrix composed of
cells that can contain labels, values, formulas
are functions and is used for calculations
budgets simple check balancing
calculations decision
charts grade
calculations what
if computations,
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Visicalc the first spreadsheet was created for
the Apple
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(c) Lab Review DBMS
Storage of data Retrieval of data
Sorting
Selecting Reports
Mail Merge
Relational
Dont forget to review DBMS concepts in DB
Intro
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Relational DBMS--connecting multiple data bases
together
Registration
Library overdue books DB
Dorm fees
Records Grades Incompletes ELM DB
At registration all the above data bases are
checked to determine any deficiencies before you
are allowed to register
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Spreadsheets or Data Bases e.g. PeopleSoft
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(d) WAN Why use these
1. Communication E- Mail
Internet 2. Available applications/ information
statistics, databases (library
etc.) 3. Sharing information
WWW World Wide Web interconnected web content
servers and clients accessing the
servers WAN Wide Area Networks--interconnected
computers LAN Local Area Networks--interconnected
computers, printers, etc.
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LAN WAN
WAN
Internet
LAN
Labs
CSUB
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(d) Review uses of the Web
Browsing Basics HTML
FTP Netscape Communicator
Internet Explorer
Web Searches
Web Credibility
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Brief History of the Web
Need info

• Late 60sArpanet, the first WAN
• 70s-80sGopher (early text browser), early email
• 90s------------------------------------------
• 93 Mosaic (first graphic browser)
• 94 Netscape
• 95 Microsoft Internet Explorer included in Win95
• 95 AltaVistafirst successful popular search
  engine
• 95 Yahoo (Yet Another Hierarchical Officious
  Oracle )---First popular directory then later
  portal
• 98 Googlebest general search engine today

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ARPANet

• Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
• The precursor to the Internet. Developed in the
  late 60s and early 70s by the US Department of
  Defense as an experiment in wide-area-networking
  that would survive a nuclear war. Also An
  experimental network designed to see how well
  distributed, non-centralized networks work the
  basis for the later evolution of the Internet.
  Search Google for further info on Arpanet.

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(c) Review SPSS
Data Sets Frequency distributions
Tables
Copying SPSS output to Word
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(e) Lab--Intro to Early IBM Compatibles
DOS (and shells-Windows much later) WordPerf
ect (the original successful word processor on
the PC similar to Microsoft Word) Lotus 1
2 3(the original PC spreadsheet like
EXCEL) Windows (a Mac like operating
system) Hyperstudeo etc. (like HyperCard
but both worked on IBMs)
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History PC Operating Systems
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Hackers
(B) New Concepts Hackers
Machine Freaks (like to tinker with
hardware) Software Freaks (like to
tinker with programs) Explorers (like to
examine, play, experiment) Destroyers
(create destructive programs)
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1. Viruses2. Worms3. Bombs4. Trojan
Horses
(d) Computer Diseases
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Viruses
-Reproduce -May be malevolent or benign
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Is Windows a virus?
A JOKE )

• Is Windows a virus?
• No, Windows is not a virus. Here's what viruses
  (viri?) do
• 1. They replicate quickly -- okay, Windows does
  that.
• 2. Viruses use up valuable system resources,
  slowing down the system as they do so -- okay,
  Windows does that.
• 3. Viruses will, from time to time, trash your
  hard disk -- okay,-- Windows does that, too.
• 4. Viruses are usually carried, unknown to the
  user, along with valuable programs and systems.
  Sigh... Windows does that, too.
• 5. Viruses will occasionally make the user
  suspect their system is too slow (see 2) and the
  user will buy new hardware. Yup, that's with
  Windows, too.

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Windows is not a Virus

• Until now it seems Windows is a virus but there
  are some fundamental differences
• Viruses are well supported by their authors
• Viruses run on most systems, their program code
  is fast, compact and efficient and they tend to
  become more sophisticated as they mature.
• So, Windows is not a virus.
• "Life is a game where nothing is real...
• daniel.james_at_attws.com

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Worms
Programs that move through networks or computer
memory partitions
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Bombs
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Logic Bombs
If condition
Then Action
Example If a date is reached on the computer
clock install micro virus. Examples
include Friday 13 logic bomb and New Years logic
bomb
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Time Bombs
Act at a particular time
Friday 13
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Trojan Horse
A gift that contains evil within. Any of
previous examples but contained in a game or
illegal copies of legitimate software and
emailed or downloaded pictures or attachments.
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Vaccines
Macafee VirusScan and Symnatic Norton AntiVirus
(PC example)
Any program that checks software and documents as
they are run or downloaded for viruses
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Space 1
(to be continued on through Space 8)
1 page - 4000 bytes
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Space 2
Storage for documents Old 3 1/4 floppy
200 Pages
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Space 3
Becoming Standard RW CDs 650-700 MB RW DVD
6.4 Gig NEW Mini USB drives, flashor thumb
up to 1 gig
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Space 4
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Space 5
Hard drives come in big to gigantic sizes 40
Megabyte 80 Megabyte 105 Megabyte 185
Megabyte 350 Megabyte 500 Megabyte 1
Gigabyte 160 Gig and up is now the large HD
standard and up, up, up needed for movie editing
and Music files
Current Directions HD Gigabytes 80
CD 650-700 MB CD R/W 650 MB DVD
3.84.7 GIG-gt 17 DVD R/W 3.6 4.7 GIG New
DVD formats even higher
80s
90s
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Space 6
1 text only page 4K 4000 bytes Typical
application 2GB 1 digital photo typically
.6MB Digital music collection 250MB per
hr Digital video editing- 2GB per hr of
video Advanced games 1GB Internet movie
downloads 2-3 GB per hr
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Space 7
Overview Internal Representation of data Binary

• Internal Memory space in the Computer
• (continued from Space 1)
• All information is in the form of bits on or off.
• Counting/math is done as --------------?
• It takes 8 bits, ASCII, to express a number (0-9)
• Or letter a-z as well as math signs and other
  special characters

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Binary-1 bit on or off
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Internal Binary Basics
The most basic unit of computer information is
called a bit It is expressed to the computer
by the numbers 0
or 1. All "characters"a,b,z..,1,2,3...?,!,/..
are a symbolized by
series of 8
bits,0s and 1s All operations in the computer
,-,,/ are 0s and 1s
All off or onlike light bulbs.
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Reading Binary
1 Byte--8 bits
256 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
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ASCII SAMPLES
Binary -base 2 Decimal-base 10 0
0 1
1 10
2 11
3 100
4 101 5
110 6
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SPEEDOMETERS--counting in binary
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Data Storage Current
Space 8
Zip 100, 250, 750mb
CD 650-750mb
Floppies 1.4mb
USB Flash Disk 128 Mb 88 floppies (4-5Gig soon)
Smart Media Cameras 8mb up
DVD 4.7 gig 20 Gig in future
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Data Storage Old
Space 9
McBee Keysort
IBM/Hollerith Cards
Tape-Still used
Floppies of all sizes
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Bytes-K
One thousand bytes come together
to form 1K. Let's make this simpler to
remember
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Bit-Byte-K
1 bit 1 bit 8 bits 1 byte 1024 bytes 1K
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BINARY / ASCII
The binary code for the letter, number, or symbol
is transferred to a code, called ASCII (8 bit
Byte) (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange). This transfer
cycle is binary -gt ASCII -gt
Word, Word -gt to ASCII -gt binary
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NOTE Some fonts e.g.. Kanji, Chinese requires 2
bytes for characters
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More ASCII-Binary
Binary Decimal (ASCII, 8bit byte) 00110001
lt---gt 1 00110010 lt---gt 2 00110011
lt---gt 3 01000001 lt---gt A 01000010
lt---gt B 01011001 lt---gt Y 00100001
lt---gt !
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ASCII lt-gt Binary
WORD
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Memory Addressing 1 (newest PC CPU is 64 bit
address)
Apt 1
Apt 2
Apt 3
Apt 4
Apt 5
Laundry
Apt 6
Apt 7
Apt 8
Apt 9
Apt 10
Office
How many apartments can we have if they can have
only 1 digit address Answer-next page
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The Pizza Man
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Addressing 2
Continue with this How many addresses with
4 8 16 32
0 1
One bit has two addresses
00 01 10 11
Two bits have four possible addresses
Previous page How many apartments can we have if
they can have only 1 digit address Answer-10
dont forget 0 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
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Bits Addresses 3
If we string 8 bits (8 combinations of the
numbers 0 and 1) together we have a byte.
2 4 8 16
32
64 128
256

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Each additional bit doubles the possible addresses
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Importance of Addressing
(1) More memory thus Bigger
programs Bigger data sets
Multi program accessibility (2) Increased
speed of processing (3) Currently 32 bit
standard but 64 will become common
Most frequent IBM Mac
Apple IIe
8 bit
32 bit
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64 bit now common
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Addressing A Databus
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Time/Speed 1
Mips Giga (1000) Hertz
Future PC's and current Workstation, Mainframe
and Supercomputers
Current PC's
New speed is in GHz or BIPS Billions of
instructions per second Coming Tarraflops
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NoteCurrent fastest available CPUs run at 3.2 GHz
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Summary of Speed terms
Time/Speed 2

• Hertz cycles per second
• Kilo Hertz (thousands of cycles per second)
• Mega MIPSHertz (millions of cycles per second)
• Giga BIPS or GHz Hertz (billions of cycles per
  second)
• Tarra Hertz (Trillions of cycles per second)

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Internet Connection Speed
Time/Speed 3
Home Small Business connections
From http//msn.zdnet.com/partners/msn/bandwidth/
speedtest50.htm
Government, Business,CSUB Speeds can be much
faster Current CSUB--- T3 (100 MB, upgrade
expected soon)
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Time/Speed 1
Common Computer Connector Speeds

• Adb
• Atapi
• serial,
• parallel,
• USB,
• SCCSI,
• Firewire/IEEE1394,
• USB2

To be completed ASAP
Latest/Fastest
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Some Computer Connections
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Some Computer Connections
Back of a Desktop will be here
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D) More Concept Review
Paint vs. Draw Bitmapped vs. Postscript
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Beyond Microsoft Paint and Hyperpaint
1. Drawing vs. painting 2. Combination
programs 3. Samples of newer programs
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Drawing vs. Painting
Paint -- bit mapped graphics, creative free
form -- low resolution dependant on screen
resolution Example
Draw objects formula driven easy
modification (size, position, etc.) output
dependant on printer Example
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Drawing vs. Painting Examples
Painting -- Mac Paint, Microsoft
Paint Drawing -- ClarisWorks, Canvas, Word
Created as Paint
when expanded the line will get ragged since it
is bit defined
Created as Drawing
when expended the line will not become ragged -
it is defined by a math formula - lines
connect points
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A demo may follow
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Bitmapped vs. Formula Script
-Bit mapped is like painting -Characters are
stored as a set of pixels (dots) that look like
the character. -Problem the exact set of dots
is printed no matter if the printer is
ImageWriter 140 DPI
LaserWriter 300 DPI or new 600 DPI
Stylewriter 360 DPI Most
inkjet home printers 300-600 DPI (some 1200)
Linotronic(magazine quality)
1600-2400 DPI thus the print looks only as
good as the worst printer allows
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Postscript (original and most common) TrueType
(Microsoft)
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Postscript vs. Bitmapped
John Warnock from Xerox PARC solved the problem
of making printer output look like the screen
WYSIWYG What you see is what you get!
-Bitmapped is stored as the dots that appear on
the screen. Older dot matrix printers illustrate
this method -Postscript Characters are stored as
a set of formulas that contain the relative
sizes of sides, curves, etc. -Solution the set
of dots printed will use all possible dots a
printer are screen will allow and thus will look
as good as the printer are screen is
capable.
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Bit/Post Examples
New York 72
Can you tell which is the bitmapped font?
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Bit/Post Examples
On Larger Fonts Bitmapped ragged edges are
rougher then postscript
New York 72
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1. PRE COMPUTER DEVELOPMENTS
1 GEOMETRY 2 ALGEBRA 3 MODELS OF THE
UNIVERSE 4 MECHANICAL CALCULATORS
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COMPUTER HISTORY
OUTLINE
1. PRE COMPUTER DEVELOPMENTS 2. EARLY
COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT 3. RECENT
DEVELOPMENTS 4. FUTURE COMPUTERS
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Math concepts
-30BC GREEKS - PLANETARIUM GREEKS -
GEOMETRY CHINA, INDIA - ALGEBRA
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Mechanical Calculators
MECHANICAL MODELS OF the UNIVERSE ABACUS
(frequently called the first computer) SLIDE
RULE
The first computers!
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(e) Libraries and Computers
The natural superiority Of library data.
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Characteristics of Library Data Base and web
Searches

• Both Logical searches save time and focus
  information
• Both Speed
• Both Amount of sources available
• Both Increasing availability of original full
  text material
• Both Future to-be published documents
  available
• Both Difference in how searches in different web
  search engines are carried out e.g. what is the
  difference in Yahoo (organized and reviewed),
  Google(more quality links returned and AskJeeves
  (Natural Language)
• Library Superior for credibility (peer
  reviewed), specialized resources (journals and
  data bases) and quantity of quality resources

Disadvantage of Web search---difficulty
evaluating credibility and many professional
sources are not available on the web!
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Searches
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Problems of Computer Searchesespecially those
not on the WEB
Cost free or cheap to us (CSUB) but
expensive for some government and commercial
use (e.g. Nexus Lexus, etc. cost big bucks
for private and commercial users)
Skills needed to develop / refine topic areas,
The human component logic and Venn diagrams,
filtering out the unrelated stuff
specifics vary with data base
To much data, not enough information or knowledge!
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Criteria for Computer Types
Cost Size Sophistication of operating
system Speed
Multiprocessing, distributed processing,
multi-user, command or icon
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Past, Current and futureTypes of computers
Supercomputers Mainframe computers Mini
computers Workstations Personal computers
Desktop Laptop Notebooks with
wireless built in TabletPC/Slate
Palmtop, PDA (Pilot, etc.)
Computer Appliances

• Out Fall 02 Tablet/Slate PC
• Wireless
• Size of a thick notepad

These also referred to as portable
Hot Stuff on current market
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General Directions in Computers
Faster CPU's Massive multiprocessing Bigger
addressing/Memory Massive storage
Decreasing Size Lower Cost (for same
function and speed) Sophistication Connectivit
y (network, wireless)
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Hardware - Directions
Time Space (speed and addressing)
Hertz --gt MIPS --gt BIPS (CRAY MMP)
IBM's 16 megabyte chip 64 bit addressing
Size Current fastest speed is the and Intel
2 GHz CPU Mainframe --gt Mini --gt
desktop --gt portable --gt Notebook
Palmtop --gt PDA's (personal
digital assistants) Cost
Down---gt Down----gtDown 2001 (a
299 system
Walmart
Lindows)
Sophistication Voice/Hand recognition,
voice synthesis, neural networks
multitasking, multiprocessing, virtual reality,
protected memory, connectivity , DVD read
and write
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Directions in software
Desktop Publishing English Queries, AI 3D,
Virtual, Motion (iMovie) Graphics, GIS
AI Natural language Retrieval Networked-Simulati
ons (Sim City) Groupware,
Virtual reality
Wordprocessing Database Management Paint/Draw S
tatistics Reference Search Games Printed output
Ease of use
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Directions in Languages
Unix, C and Java Pascal Lisp (logo) and
Prolog
LOGO (my judgement ) best for educators
Turtle
paints a trail when the turtle moves
Moves Forward 10
Right 90 Procedures
and iterations To Square
Repeat 4 Fd 100 Rt 90
End
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OOPs (Object Oriented Programming --HyperCard)
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Directions inOperating Systems Interface
Windows Icons Mice Handwriting
recognition Voice recognition Touch Virtual
Reality (hand, foot control, etc) Agents Connect
ivity web interface to applications
Lunux open operating system that looks like a
potential for some of Microsofts market. Based
on UNIX and available free or with small cost for
documentation and some support. Not ready for the
popular market.
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Computers and Society
Culture and computers--desktops, Microsoft and
Monopolies Some Issues. Will Computers and
computer technology aid (1) Freedom
(empowerment) or provide for control by gov etc.
(2) Increase differences Digital Divide (access
to technology and knowledge) or provide access to
all (3) Decrease Personal Privacy or provide
individualized access You should be able to
think of other issues (check class discussions
and Computers and Society links). For example
Will computers humanize or dehumanize human
relations? Are Computers and the Web
addicting? Are computers useful and cost
effective in k-6 education? Are we loosing
our privacy to computer technology
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Recent Computer HistoryThe Information Industry
US
--5 Workers US are in information communication,
Entertainment etc. Computer game sales
compete with movies --Last 10 years
Microsoft worth, sales up, General Motors
relatively flat --Software and Hardware value
500 billion --Hardware/Software are 10 0f
GNP --10 workers are home workers on
PC's --Richest man US is Bill Gates head of
Microsoft (How much is he currently worth?
depends on stock market and tech stocks not doing
as wellcheck CS links for specific )
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Tech stocks took a dive in 2001-2003
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Recent Studies
NPR survey
-- More then 2/3 American households have a
personal computer (70) and 73 of these
have internet and/or email access. -- Virtually
all Americans under 60 have used computers and
(92) have used the internet. -- 4 of 5 under 60
with incomes gt 30,000 year use computer at
work. --1/2 of employees under 60 lt 30,000
income use computer at work -- 95 of all
house-holds have a VCR. 78 percent are
hooked to a cable TV system. --29 have more
then 1 computer while 20 have a computer less
then 1 year old --Recent study shows digital
divide closing except for older generation
(Source) A large survey by National Public
Radio, the Kaiser Family Foundation, and
Harvard's Kennedy School of Government shows that
people overwhelmingly think that computers and
the Internet have made Americans' lives better.
Check out the survey and results at
http//www.npr.org/programs/specials/poll/technolo
gy/
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Technology an Improvement?
If it doesn't help or improve dont use
technology!