gps

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llnav
tacan
vor
gps
Navigational instruments Where are we?
asr
rmi
sdf
adf
ils
gca
lda
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ADF
Automatic Direction Finder (ndb) Non-Directional B
eacon
Moveable Card Pilot sets to desired
heading Regardless of heading, needle points to
station, which indicates bearing to station
relative to aircraft heading.
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RMI
Automatic Direction Finder
Heading Card displays actual heading Regardless
of heading, needle still points to station, which
indicates bearing to station relative to aircraft
heading.
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ADF
Problems
Operates in am frequency range Will point to
lighting and thunderstorms Low frequency means
that has a relatively short range Only indication
of loss of signal is the loss of identifier
Station Passage
Needle falls through wing tip
Maintaining Course
Maintain consistent bearing to or from station
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ADF
Types
HH - 75 nm H 50
nm MH 25 nm Terminal (compass locator) 15 nm
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ADF
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ADF
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VOR
Very High Frequency (VHF) Omni-Directional Radio
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VOR
Types
High Altitude- from 1,000 agl to (msl)
- to 14,500 can receive to 40 nm
- to 60,000 can receive
to 100 nm - between
14,500 and 45,000 can receive to 130 nm Low
Altitude from 1,000 agl to 18,000 can receive
to 40 nm Terminal from 1,000 agl to (msl)
- to 12,000 can receive to 25
nm
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VOR
Tune and Identify 3 letter Morse code identifier
(may be voice) Absence of code? Out of
service. Off-flag? Out of service or improperly
tuned. Can also broadcast voice
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VOR
CDI indicates left-right deviation IF following
heading at top of case
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VOR
Station passage is indicated when to-from needle
makes full, positive change
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VOR
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VOR
DME and CDI used together allow pilot to
determine off-course distance. Radials are 100
feet apart at 1 NM.
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VOR
Pilot checks for accuracy For IFR use, must
check every 30 days (far 91.171) Ground test
station (VOT) /- 4 (transmits a 360
radial) Ground check point /- 4 Air checkpoint
/- 6 Against another VOR /- 4 Against
home-made checkpoint /- 6
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VOR
Person making check must note Date Place Bearing
error Sign If at a repair station, must be so
noted in aircraft log
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VOR
Problems
Line of sight
Station Passage
Positive To to From
Maintaining Course
Maintain CDI centered
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DME
Distance Measuring Equipment
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DME
Measures slant range to station Therefore, is
most accurate at high altitudes, distant
location least accurate close to station (eg, at
6,000 agl will indicate 1 dme when over
station. Accuracy is generally acceptable at 1
mile for every 1,000 of altitude.
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DME
Often (not always) DME is co-located with a VOR
or ILS or LOC. If so, identifying Morse codes
will be transmitted for both (3 IDs for the VOR,
one for the DME). Therefore, if there is a long
time period (30 seconds) between codes, only the
DME is operative.
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RNAV (Area Navigation)
Any system that does not require VOR to VOR
navigation. Includes VOR-RNAV Loran GPS Inertial
Navigation System (INS)
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LORAN (Long Range Navigation)
Initially used for maritime Low frequency radio
waves Uses a master and group of slave
stations, and triangulates between them To be
legal for IFR use, must be so stated in aircraft
manual and must have current database
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GPS (Global Positioning System)
To be used for IFR flight, must Be certified by
manufacturer for IFR, and be so stated in
aircraft handbook or supplement. Have current
database Have RAIM (receiver autonomous integrity
monitoring) If not available at destination, GPS
approaches are not authorized. If approach has
commenced, approach must be abandoned Have (and
monitor) backup enroute navigation system
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GPS (Global Positioning System)
VFR-only GPS systems cannot be used as primary
means of navigation, but can be used for enhanced
situational awareness. If using GPS as sole
approach aid at destination, alternate airport
must have alternate approach aid available.
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(No Transcript)
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GPS
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ILS
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ILS
Full ILS system also includes Outer
marker Middle marker Outer compass locator Runway
lighting
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ILS
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ILS
4- letter identifier, always beginning with
letter i Separate off-flags for localizer
(CDI) and glide slope indicator (GSI)
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Marker Beacon
Outer Marker 4 to 7 miles out, at approximately
the point of glide slope interception flashes
blue, series of dashes Middle Marker -
approximately the point where aircraft will fly
through 200 agl flashes amber, series of
dashes and dots Inner Marker (used for Category
II approaches only) approximately the point where
aircraft is at Decision Height (DH) flashes
white, series of dots
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Localizer (loc) Simplified Directional Facility
(sdf) Localizer-type Directional Aid (lda)
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Localizer (loc)
An ILS without the glide slope will be aligned
with runway
Localizer Back Course (loc)
An ILS without the glide slope will be aligned
with opposite runway
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Simplified Directional Facility (sdf)
Similar to Localizer, but might be not aligned
with runway and may be either 6 or 12 wide (3
or 6 either side)- will have 3-letter identifier
Localizer-type Directional Aid (lda)
Similar to sdf might be aligned with runway or
might not might have glide slope width can vary
between 3 and 6 will have 4-letter identifier
beginning with i
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Micro-wave Landing System (mls)
Can provide more-precise approaches than ILS,
including curved approaches) Can be set for
steeper approaches than ILS 4-letter identifier,
beginning with m
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Radar Approaches (PAR, ASR, PRM)
PAR Precision Approach controller will provide
both course and glide slope guidance ASR
Airport Surveillance Approach controller will
provide course guidance, but no glide slope
guidance PRM not an approach, but a means for
Approach Control to more closely monitor
simultaneous approaches to parallel runways