The Birth of a Nation

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The Birth of a Nation
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What can we extrapolate from these pie charts?
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Lecture Objectives

1. To compare and contrast the 13 colonies
2. To explore controversies within and among the
   colonies
3. To analyze the political, economic and social
   objectives of the colonies
4. To assess the various successes and failures in
   experiments with self-government
5. To assess the role of European powers in the
   formation and the governance of the colonies
6. To explore the role of religion in the colonies
7. To examine the extent to which the colonies were
   democratic
8. To examine the extent to which the colonies were
   independent and to trace the evolution of their
   independence.
9. To assess the role of dissent and rebellion in
   the colonies
10. To determine the role of values such as liberty,
    equality, and fraternity
11. To analyze the role of Natives in Colonial
    America
12. To identify the role of various European, Native
    and Colonial leaders
13. To determine which colonies were more/less
    influential in the development of a national
    identity
14. To foreshadow implications of colonial
    development on the United States.

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Financing for Colonial Development

• Four types of exploration and colonization
  financing methods
• Trading Company or Joint Stock Company Colony
• (1) With the king's permission, a company was
  formed which often had exclusive rights of trade
  in a particular area or over a particular
  product. (2) These company charters enabled the
  owners to sell stock or shares to private
  investors, who were hoping for dividends.
• Covenant or Self-governing Colony - colonies
  created and governed by the settlers (Plymouth,
  Rhode Island and Connecticut).
• Proprietary Colony - One individual or group was
  given by the crown the right to govern or to
  settle a specified colony (Maryland). The
  government formed could be any type except that
  colonists had to be guaranteed basic English
  rights.
• Royal Colony - remained under Crown control. For
  various reasons all English colonies lost their
  independent status and became royal colonies

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Northern, Middle Southern
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Northern Colonies

• Massachusetts Bay
• later MA and ME
• Rhode Island
• New Hampshire
• Connecticut

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Massachusetts Bay Colony 1629

• Formation of the MBC
• A.    Push factors for Puritans
•   gtCharles I dismissed Parliament in 1629 and
  sanctioned anti-Puritan persecution.
•                 a. Moderate Puritans gathered
  support in Parliament for reforms
•                 b. King refused to guarantee
  power of parliament or basic rights for people.
• B. MBC founded in 1629 by non-Separatist Puritans
  out of fear for their faith and England's future.
  
• C. The "Great Migration" (1630s)
•             1.   Pilgrims came to America aboard
  the Mayflower in 1620.
• a. Since they had a patent to settle in VA, it
  wouldnt be valid they drafted the Mayflower
  Compact while aboard, an agreement to,combine
  our selves together into a civil body politick.
•             2.    English Civil War (1642-1649)
  slowed the Great Migration
•                     a.    Puritans remained in
  England to fight the Royalist forces.
•                     b.    Puritans in England,
  led by Oliver Cromwell, took gov't 1642 - 1660.
•                     c.    Charles I beheaded in
  1649

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Massachusetts Bay Colony 1629

• Formation of the MBC
• D. John Winthrop - Governor of MBC
•           1. Covenant Theology Winthrop believed
  Puritans had a covenant with God to lead
  religious experiment in New World
•                 -- "We shall build a city upon a
  hill."
•             2. Most distinguished of the early
  MBC leaders.
• a. Elected governor 12 times and set the tone
  for religious mission.
•                 b. Leadership helped MA to
  prosper
• E. MBC became biggest and most influential New
  England community.
•         -- Economy fur trading, fishing,
  shipbuilding, and some farming (wheat corn)
  
• -- Politics strong franchise - any church-going
  male could vote, at least 40 of men could vote
  during the 1630s.

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Massachusetts Bay Colony 1629

• MBC Politics, Society Culture
• A. Governing open to all free adult male Puritans
  (40 of pop.)
•         1. of eligible officeholders gt than in
  England.
•         2. Puritan churches grew into
  Congregational Church
• -Non-church members required to pay taxes for
  the gov't-supported church.
•         3. Non-religious men and all women could
  not vote
•         4. Townhall meetings emerged as a staple
  of democracy
•             -- Town governments allowed all male
  property holders to vote and publicly discuss
  issues. Majority-rule show of hands.

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Massachusetts Bay Colony 1629

• MBC Politics, Society Culture
• B. Function of government was to enforce God's
  laws (part of covenant theology)
• 1. Provincial gov't was not a democracy or a
  theocracy. Congregational ministers had no formal
  political authority.
•       2. Only Puritans -- the "visible saints" --
  could be freemen only freemen could vote
•             a.   Distrusted non-Puritan common
  people
•             b.   Believed democracy was the
  "meanest and worst" of all forms of government

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Massachusetts Bay Colony 1629

• MBC Politics, Society Culture
• A. Church leadership
•         1. Public interrogations of people
  claiming to have experienced conversion.
•         2. John Cotton devoted to defending
  gov'ts duty to enforce religious rules but
  advocated a civil government.
•         3. Clergymen not allowed to hold
  political office
•             a. Congregation had the right to hire
  and fire ministers and set salaries.
•             b. In effect, a form of separation of
  church and state.
•             c. Puritans in England fearful of
  "political" Anglican clergy in England.
•         4. Cambridge Platform (1648) Voluntary
  synod where the 4 Puritan colonies of
  Massachusetts Bay -- Mass., Plymouth, Connecticut
  New Haven -- met to work out a congregational
  form of church govt in detail.
•             -- Significance Congregational
  church became more uniform throughout New
  England.

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Massachusetts Bay Colony 1629

• MBC Politics, Society Culture
• B. Early dissension in the MBC
•         1. Quakers, who believed in an inner
  light and not in theology, defied authority of
  Puritan clergy and were persecuted.
•         2. Anne Hutchinson believed in
  antinomianism (pre- destination)
•             --She held prayer meetings at home to
  discuss John Cottons sermons with other women
  this was taboo for non-clergy          
• c. Brought to trial for heresy in 1638.
•                 i. She claimed direct revelation
  from God more heresy.
•                 ii. Banished from colony set out
  for Rhode Island pregnant
•             iii. Eventually settled in N.Y.
  where she all but 1 of 14 kids killed
  by Indians
•        

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Massachusetts Bay Colony 1629

• MBC Politics, Society Culture
• 3. Roger Williams -- minister from Salem (dissent
  cont.)
•             a. Extreme Separatist who challenged
  legality of Plymouth and MBC charters because
  land belonged to Indians and was not the kings
  land to grant. Claimed colony took land from
  Indians w/o fair compensation
•            b. Liberty of conscience"
•                    i. Williams denied authority
  of civil gov't to regulate religious behavior.
•                         -- Stated that no man
  should be forced to go to church.
•                         -- In effect, challenged
  the basis of MBC government.
•                     ii. Demanded "wall of
  separation" b/w church and state
                         
• -- Jefferson would later use this metaphor to
  disestablish religion in VA which later
  influenced "No Establishment" clause of the Const
•             c. General Court banished him from
  colony in 1635 and Williams fled in winter of
  1636 to Narragansett Bay, RI sheltered by
  Indian friends.
•             d. He purchased lands from Indians
  and founded the community of Providence,
  accepting all settlers regardless of their
  beliefs.

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Massachusetts Bay Colony 1629

• MBC Politics, Society Culture    
• E. Later challenges to Puritanism (dissent
  cont.)
•         1. First generation Puritans began losing
  their religious zeal as time went on.
•             a. Large population influx dispersed
  Puritan population onto outlying farms away from
  control of church and neighbors.
•             b. After the wave of dissention in
  the 1630s and 1640s (e.g. Hutchinson and
  Williams) conversions decreased dramatically.
•                 -- Children of non-converted
  members could not be baptized.
•             c. Conversions continued to decrease
  as 2nd generation Puritans had trouble getting
  their conversions authenticated by the church,
  thus preventing their children from being
  baptized.
•    

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Massachusetts Bay Colony 1629

• MBC Politics, Society Culture  
• E. Later challenges to Puritanism (dissent cont.)
•      2. "Half-Way Covenant" instituted in 1662 to
  attract more members
• -Full membership in the tax-supported Puritan
  church required an account of a conversion
  experience, and only persons in full membership
  could have their own children baptized.
• -provided partial church membership for the
  children and grandchildren of church members.
  Those who accepted the Covenant, and agreed to
  follow the creed and rules of the church, could
  become church members without claiming a
  spiritual experience. These half-members could
  not vote on any issues within the church
•         3. Eventually, Puritan churches baptized
  almost anyone
•             a. Distinction between the "elect"
  and other members of society subsided.
•             b. Strict religious purity was
  sacrificed for wider religious participation.

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Massachusetts Bay Colony 1629

• MBC Politics, Society Culture
• F. Salem Witch Trials, 1692
•             a. MA suffered political, religious,
  and military upheaval that led to widespread
  paranoia and unrest.
•                 -- Not uncommon for Europeans and
  colonists in the 16th and 17th centuries to
  believe that the devil worked through witches
•             b. First accusations began when young
  girls, after listening to voodoo tales from a
  black servant, began behaving oddly.
• -Witch Hunt young female accusers were from
  the poor western part of the community and
  accused the more prosperous people in the
  eastern part.
•             c. 19 hanged, 1 pressed to death, 2
  dogs hanged
•             d. Cotton Mather, prominent clergymen
  in MA, supported the witch trials and thus
  weakening the prestige of the clergy
• e. Explanations include religious
  discord, economic tensions, misogyny, fear of
  Indian attacks.
• f. Ended when ministers, led by Increase
  Mather, urged leniency.

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Rhode Island - 1636 (recognized 1644)

• Founded on Rebellion - drew independent-minded
  people. Most individualistic and independent
  population (along with NC).
• Egalitarian constitution - majority rule and
  liberty of conscience.
• Progressive for its time passed laws abolishing
  witchcraft trials, imprisonment for debt, most
  capital punishment, and in 1652, slavery of both
  blacks and whites
• Church State
• Most religious groups were welcomed, with only
  some restrictions on Catholicism Judaism.
• Williams built Baptist church at Providence (1st
  in Americas)
• No oaths required regarding one's religious
  beliefs
• No compulsory attendance at worship
• No taxes to support a state church
• Provided simple manhood suffrage
• Amalgamated into the Dominion of New England in
  1686, when James II attempted to enforce royal
  authority over the autonomous colonies

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New Hampshire - 1623

• Named after the English county of Hampshire
• In 1638 Exeter was founded by John Wheelwright.
  Settlers signed the Exeter Compact , similar to
  Mayflower Compact
• All the towns agreed to unite in 1639, but MA
  claimed the territory. In 1641 an agreement was
  reached with MA to come under its jurisdiction.
  Home rule of the towns was allowed.
• The relationship between MA and NH was
  controversial and tenuous.
• 1679 the king separated them.
• 1686 reunited (as part of the Dominion of New
  England)
• 1691 re-divided
• 1698 again under the jurisdiction of MA
• 1741 New Hampshire returned to its royal
  provincial status
• All the while, economically dependent on MA
• Modern State motto Live Free or Die

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Connecticut - 1636

• English population exploded in 1636 when
  clergyman Thomas Hooker led 100 settlers with 130
  head of cattle in trek from Cambridge to the CT
  River, where they established Hartford
• Hooker objected to arbitrary strict power of Gov.
  Winthrop and MBCs magistrates. His congregation
  wanted more lands than MBC was willing grant.
• 3 valley towns of Hartford, Windsor, and
  Wethersfield est. CT
• 1643, New England Confederation Connecticut, New
  Haven, Plymouth, and Massachusetts formed a
  league of friendship for defense and advice
  step toward the later union of states.
• Fundamental Orders drafted in 1639 (The
  Constitution State)
• First modern constitution in American history
• Established a democracy controlled by
  "substantial" citizens
• Gov based on consent of the people.
• Patterned MBC gov

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Connecticut - 1636

• Like MBC, CT founded by Puritans who est. the
  Congregational Church
• Tax revenues supported the local ministers
• Colonists who failed to attend Sunday services
  subject to fines.
• Until 1708, the Congregational Church was the
  only legal religion in CT
• 1718, following a substantial gift from Elihu
  Yale
• Great Awakening sent shock waves through the
  colony in the middle of the eighteenth century,
  ripping the Congregational Church apart.
• Those who embraced the Awakening were known as
  New Lights, those opposed Old Lights.
• Unhappy with unemotional services of their
  regular ministers, New Lights petitioned to form
  separate societies and churches
• Pequot War (1634-1638) between an alliance of MBC
  and Plymouth colonies
• Native American allies (Narragansett and
  Mohegan), vs. the Pequot tribe.
• Puritans used Biblical passages to justify
  extermination of the Pequots.
• Ended to Pequots.
• Inspired, for common protection, The New England
  Confederation (1643)

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Middle Colonies

• New York
• later NY VT
• New Jersey
• Pennsylvania
• Delaware
• New Netherland Colony now part of NY, NJ, DE
  CT
• Each colony developed religiously, ethnically,
  and politically heterogeneous population,
  (foreshadowing America)

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New Netherland

• Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage for a NW Passage
• Multiculturalismhaven for religious and
  intellectual refugees
• Religious freedom and free trade (including a
  stock market)
• Initially a private venture to exploit fur trade,
  NN was slowly settled over decades
• Early conflicts with Natives
• Mismanagement by the Dutch West India Co.

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New York - 1664

• England captured NN from the Dutch in 1664.
  English Navy seized the colony, the Dutch didnt
  resist, though their last Director-General, Peter
  Stuyvesant, urged them to fight to the end.
• The capture was confirmed by the Treaty of Breda
  in 1667. Renamed for James, Duke of York, brother
  of Charles II
• 1688 made of part of Dominion of New England.
• Religious toleration
• Set up local governments. NY remained diverse,
  loosely organized, independent communities.

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New York - 1664

• 1683, New York Chapter of Liberties Granted
  freedom of religion to all Christians and gave
  all freeholders the right to vote. Created to
  attract more settlers to NY
• Governor Andros said "permit all persons of what
  religion soever, quietly to inhabit within the
  precincts of your jurisdiction"
• Colonial Assembly created - gave New Yorkers more
  rights than any other colony including the
  protection from taxation without representation.
• NYC was largest importer of slaves and a supply
  port for pirates.
• benefited from being supplier to British fleet
  during wars with France
• Early economy primarily fur trade. As the
  importance of the port of NY grew, and the
  agricultural areas of Long Island and the regions
  further up the Hudson River developed, the
  economy expanded and diversified.

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New Jersey - 1665

• Part of Duke of Yorks charter. NJ called
  "Albania
• Lord Berkeley of Stratton, close friend of the
  Duke, was given part of NJ. Became East and West
  Jersey. Border was not demarcated and often
  disputed.
• 1665, NJ was split off from NY to become a
  separate province
• New YorkNew Jersey Line War - series of
  skirmishes and raids from 1701-1765 at the
  disputed border
• 1765, border finalized
• Offered religious freedom to attract settlers.
  Quakers came.
• 1746, The College of New Jersey (now Princeton)
  was founded by a group of Great Awakening "New
  Lighters"
• 1766, Queens College (now Rutgers) was founded in
  New Brunswick by Dutch Reformed ministers with a
  Royal Charter from George III.

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Pennsylvania - 1681

• William Penn received PA as payment in lieu of a
  16,000 debt the Crown owed his father, naval
  hero William Penn.
• Establishment of the colony solved the problem of
  the growing Society of Friends or "Quaker"
  movement in England, which embarrassed the
  Anglican Church
• Extensive advertising in British Isles, Holland,
  and Germany
• German Protestant groups were called the
  Pennsylvania Dutch ("Deutschland")
• Scot-Irish Presbyterians arrived in 1700s as
  indentured servants

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Pennsylvania - 1681

• Three Pillars
• Equality - All people were equal. Quakers used
  "thee" and "thou" when addressing each other (no
  you)
• Simplicity - wore darker colors and did not like
  to have their portraits painted
• Peace - Quakers refused military service as
  pacifists and when they controlled the
  legislature, they refused to appropriate any
  monies to fight the Indians.
• Radical beliefs
• religious freedom
• Fair dealings with Natives (healthier
  relationships with Natives).
• No need for learned ministry one persons
  interpretation of scripture was as valid as
  anyones.
• Despite Quaker opposition to slavery, by 1730
  colonists had brought about 4,000 slaves into
  Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Gradual Abolition
  Act of 1780 1st emancipation statute in the
  colonies

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Pennsylvania - 1681

• By 1750s, Quakers lost their numerical edge,
  abandoned the government, and left for the
  countryside to live by their credo
• German refugees prospered on the fertile soil
• Mennonites - founded Germantown in 1683
• Northkill Amish Settlement, est. 1740, 1st Amish
  settlement in Americas.
• 3rd richest colony in the New World.
• Philadelphia was America's most important city.

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Delaware - 1701

• Land that became DE changed hands many times.
  Because of this, DE became a heterogeneous
  society
• Swedes, Finns, Dutch, French, and some English
• William Penn was granted right to rule by Crown
  in 1681
• Had a hard time governing heterogeneous DE.
• He attempted to merge the governments of PA and
  DE. Representatives clashed.
• 1701 Penn agreed to two separate assemblies.
• Delawareans meet in New Castle
• Pennsylvanians meet in Philadelphia
• The Charter of 1701 permitted Delaware a separate
  government from Pennsylvania

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Southern Colonies

• Maryland
• Virginia
• later VA, KY WV
• North Carolina
• later NC TN
• South Carolina
• Georgia

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Virginia - 1624

• King James gt Jamestown gt 1607 gt Christopher
  Newport gt John Smith gt Disaster.
• 90 of Natives wiped out by mid-Century
• Never would have made a profit, if it werent for
  the stinking weed.
• John Rolfe, who married Chief Powhatans daughter
  Pocahantas, experimented with tobacco, creating a
  milder version that appealed to Europeans.

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Virginia - 1624

• King Charles I was embarrassed by Jamestown, and
  made the charter Royal, appointing the Governor
  and Council himself.
• 1619, Sir Edwin Sandys, MP and one of the
  founders of the VA Co. of London, created House
  of Burgesses
• Though Charles I dissolved House of Burgesses,
  they continued to meet
• 1639 the body was officially recognized.
• 1st mini parliament in English colonies.
• Representative self-government
• Created as an incentive to attract settlers to
  the Virginia "Death Trap"
• Most representatives were substantial property
  owners

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Virginia - 1624

• Sandys also devised the headright system
• Gave adventurers a 50-acre plot for themselves
  and each servant or family member they brought
  over, provided they covered their own
  transportation costs
• Created rise in indentured servitude - most came
  over as teenage boys to work under contract
• few outlived their 4-7 yr. contract
• Daily life in VA was centered on working ones
  own land. People were isolated and there were no
  population centers besides Jamestown.
  Foreshadowing

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Virginia - 1624

• Bacons Rebellion 1674-76
• Nathaniel Bacon, who arrived in VA in 1674, led a
  group of disgruntled planters, funded by wealthy
  planters, in uprising against VA Gov Sir William
  Berkeley
• Angry that gov failed to quell Indian attacks, in
  part because Berkeley did not want to disrupt the
  fur trade that his cronies benefitted from.
• Black slaves and white servants joined Bacon.
• Chased Berkeley from town and torched Jamestown
• The rebellion was disorganized and ineffective.
  When Bacon died of dysentery in 1676, the
  rebellion dispersed
• Significance of Bacon's Rebellion Planters saw
  white indentured servants as too difficult to
  control and significantly increased importation
  of black slaves while reducing number of
  indentured servants.
• Planter elite increasingly played the "race card"
  by encouraging poor whites to discriminate
  against blacks planters feared blacks and poor
  whites could ally again

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Maryland - 1632

• MD developed along similar lines to VA
• Like VA, MD relied on tobacco and had plantations
  spread out along the river and therefore didnt
  need towns to exchange goods b/c they could just
  send it on down the river.
• Early settlements and populations centers tended
  to cluster around the Chesapeake Bay.
• Charles I gave Sir George Calvert, the first Lord
  Baltimore, a portion of VA for a Catholic haven
  and profit. Eventually Catholics became a
  minority and feared loss of religions freedom.
• Act of Toleration (1649)
• Guaranteed toleration to all Christians but death
  penalty for public heresy
• Motive Catholics sought to protect their faith
  by granting certain degree of religious freedom.
• MD became largest haven for Catholics
• By 1700, Maryland was third most populous colony
  (about 30,000 inhabitants)

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Carolinas 1663 / NC SC 1712/ Royal - 1729

• Charles II granted the Carolina charter in 1663
  for lands south of Virginia Colony and north of
  Spanish Florida
• 1669, Charleston est. by English settlers. Sig.
  port town
• 1670, Religious freedom dropped in favor of
  Church of England
• 1691, Because of communication difficulties, a
  separate deputy governor was named to administer
  the northern half of the colony.
• 1712, division of the colony into North and South
  was complete, although the same proprietors
  continued to control both colonies.
• 1729, after nearly a decade-long attempt by the
  British government to locate and buy-out 7 of 8
  Lords Proprietors, both Carolinas became royal
  colonies
• Carolina society was envisioned with a hereditary
  nobility granted to proprietors

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Carolinas 1663 / NC SC 1712/ Royal - 1729

• Impact of the British West Indies
• West Indies, especially Barbados, developed sugar
  plantation economy
• Slaves in BWI outnumbered whites 4 to 1
• BWI relied on mainland for foodstuffs.
• As sugar plantations began to crowd out small
  farmers, many came to Carolinas with their slaves
• Carolina adopted slave code in 1696
• By 1710 blacks outnumbered whites

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Carolinas 1663 / NC SC - 1729

• Stono Rebellion (1739) (aka Cato's Conspiracy or
  Cato's Rebellion)
• Majority of the population of SC were slaves
• Largest slave uprising in Colonial history
• Jemmy ("Cato") was a literate slave who led 20
  other enslaved Congolese, who may have been
  former soldiers, in an armed march south from the
  Stono River.
• Recruited 60 other slaves, marched down the road
  with a banner that read "Liberty!", and chanted
  in unison. They attacked Hutchinson's store at
  the Stono River Bridge, killing two storekeepers
  and seizing weapons and ammunition.
• Killed 22-25 whites before being intercepted by a
  South Carolina militia near the Edisto River. 44
  slaves were killed in battle, others captured,
  and the rebellion was suppressed.
• A group of slaves escaped and traveled another 30
  miles before battling a week later with a
  militia most of the rebels were executed
• In response, the SC legislature passed the Negro
  Act of 1740 restricting slave assembly, education
  and movement. It also enacted a 10-year
  moratorium against importing slaves, and
  established penalties against slaveholders' harsh
  treatment of slaves.

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Georgia - 1729

• James Oglethorpe saw GA as a way to thwart Spain
  from taking the area they controlled FL. England
  and Spain fought constantly.
• Oglethorpe imagined a province populated by
  "sturdy farmers" that could guard the border
  because of this, the colony's charter prohibited
  slavery
• The Buffer Colony or The Garrison State
• He also intended to populate the area with
  Englands worthy poor, as an alternative to
  debtors prison.
• In 1732, George II Georgia granted Oglethorpe
  a charter.
• Few settlers were attracted, as there were strict
  rules (no slaves, no rum). Settlers were averse
  to strict rules so
• GA soon became a hard-drinking (1742 repeal)
  slave-owning (1749 repeal) colony, which still
  attracted few settlers.
• The charter granted liberty of conscience to
  everyone except Catholics, and limited grants of
  land to 500-acre tracts. Soon became 2,000 acre
  plots to attract more settlers.
• Savannah emerged into a diverse community
  (included German Lutherans and Scottish
  Highlanders but no Catholics)

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Objectives Revisited

1. To compare and contrast the 13 colonies
2. To explore controversies within and among the
   colonies
3. To analyze the political, economic and social
   objectives of the colonies
4. To assess the various successes and failures in
   experiments with self-government
5. To assess the role of European powers in the
   formation and the governance of the colonies
6. To explore the role of religion in the colonies
7. To examine the extent to which the colonies were
   democratic
8. To examine the extent to which the colonies were
   independent and to trace the evolution of their
   independence.
9. To assess the role of dissent and rebellion in
   the colonies
10. To determine the role of values such as liberty,
    equality and fraternity
11. To analyze the role of Natives in Colonial
    America
12. To identify the role of various European, Native
    and Colonial leaders
13. To determine which colonies were more/less
    influential in the development of a national
    identity
14. To foreshadow the implications of colonial
    development on the United States.

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Conclusions?