International Success Stories in Wastewater Treatment and Reuse

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International Success Stories in Wastewater
Treatment and Reuse

• MEDAWARE

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Outline

• Introduction Benefits and Domains of Wastewater
  Reuse
• Success Stories in Mediterranean Region
• Spain Vitoria and Tenerife Plants
• Greece Chalkis Island Plant
• Italy Catania Projects
• Palestine Dan Region Project
• Cyprus Larnaca Plant
• Other Examples
• Success Stories all over the World
• Australia Bolivar Project
• USA Monterey, California

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Introduction

• Best Practices and Success Stories in Wastewater
  Treatment Systems are
• Systems employing an effective treatment
  technology leading to a good quality effluent
• Systems with high contribution into the overall
  increase of wastewater reuse in the relevant
  country
• Systems achieving sustainable wastewater
  treatment and reuse practices

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Benefits of Wastewater Reuse

• Potential benefits of wastewater reuse are most
  obvious for the arid areas but the general
  increasing pressures on water resources all over
  the world is also making wastewater reuse
  attractive in other areas.

All these benefits contribute to the ultimate
objective of sustainable use of water resources
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Uses of Reclaimed Water
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Success StoriesMediterranean Region
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The Mediterranean Region The Need for
Wastewater Reuse

• It is characterised by the low level and
  irregularity of water resources, through time
  (summer drought, interannual droughts) and space
  (dry in the South).
• It includes 60 of the world population with
  renewable natural resources of less than 1,000 m3
  of water/inhabitant/year.
• The strong growth in urbanisation, tourism,
  irrigation and population can only increase
  tensions on water demand.

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Spain Vitoria-Gasteiz North of Spain
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Objectives of the Reuse Scheme

• A Tertiary Treatment Station was added in 1995 to
  the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant to
  obtain a better effluent capable of
• Increasing water supply to Vitoria and Bilbao
  cities
• Replacing ecological flows to the Zadorra dams
  when they are deficient
• Irrigating 10,000 ha of agricultural land
• Protecting the trout fish of the Zadorra River

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The Treatment Technology

• Secondary treatment (screening, sedimentation,
  nitrification-denitrification) tertiary
  treatment (coagulation-flocculation, sand
  filters, chlorine disinfection)

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Settling Ponds
Flocculation Chambers
Sand Filter Filling up
Sand Filter Washing
Filtered Water
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Mixing Pumps
Chlorination Chamber
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Effluent Quality
Parameter Min Max
pH 6.9 7.6
Conductivity 700 1000
Turbidity (NTU) 0.3 1.7
S.S (mg/l) 1 2.5
BOD5 (mg/l O2) 1 8
COD (mg/l O2) 3 20
N-NH3 (mg/l N) 23 30
N-NO3 (mg/l N) 0.1 0.2
PO4 (mg/l PO4) 0.3 1.5
TC (ufc/100 ml) 0 0
FC (ufc/100 ml) 0 0
Dose NaClO (mg/l Cl2) 5 8
SDI (Silt Density Index) 25 to 0.4 60 to 1
Metals (mg/l) Level
Fe lt0.21
Al lt0.32
Zn lt0.25
Ni lt0.07
Cr 0.007
Co 0.009
Cd 0.002
Cu 0.008
Pb 0.0014
Mo 0.0026
Mn 0.076
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Effluent Reuse

• The Plant will generate 20,000,000 m3/year of
  treated effluent
• 8,000,000 m3/year will be used for irrigation
  without cultivations restriction
• 12,000,000 m3/year will be added to the Zadorra
  River ecological flow
• The effluent is suitable for drinking water
  supply!! (illegal at present)
• Cost 0.06 /m3

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Treated Effluent
Treated Effluent
Irrigation
Irrigation
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Spain Tenerife Santa Cruz de Tenerife
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Plant General Characteristics

• Constructed between 1995 and 1997 to alleviate
  the water shortage of the island of Tenerife
• Designed for a flow of 90,000 m3/d
• Effluent is used to irrigate a crop area located
  70 km away from the Plant

Plant
Reservoir
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The Wastewater Reuse System
61 km 0.6 km diameter Gravity Pipe completely
filled
50,000 m³ 10 m deep
15.000 m3
6.7 km
457,000 m³ 20 m deep
250,000 m³ 15 m deep
Activated Sludge
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Gravity Pipe
San Isidro Reservoir
El Saltadero Reservoir
San Lorenzo Reservoir
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San Lorenzo Reservoir
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San Lorenzo Reservoir
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San Lorenzo Reservoir
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Desalination Unit
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Sand Filtration Unit
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Electrodialysis
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Effluent Quality (Influent to San Isidro
Reservoir)
Parameter Winter Spring-Summer Winter-Spring
pH 7.74 7.98 7.91
EC (µS/cm) 1,288 1,659 1,585
S.S (mg/l) 8 5 11
COD (mg/l) 48 59 52
N-NH3 (mg/l) 26.3 42.3 23.5
N-NO2 (mg/l) 0.04 0.02 0.03
N-NO3 (mg/l) 0.06 0.46 0.31
PO43- (mg/l) 27 41 30
SO4 2- (mg/l) - 119 91
S2- (mg/l) 2.71 4 2.1
FC (log) 4.1 4.2 4.1
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Problem and Solution

• Anaerobic conditions build-up in the long pipe
  that transports the effluent leading to sulphide
  generation
• Fresh water over-saturated with DO started to be
  injected at 10 km from the pipe inlet ?
  nitrification-denitrification process ? anoxic
  conditions ? inhibition of sulphide generation ?
  reduction in NH3-N ? less chlorine requirement
  for disinfection

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Effluent Reuse

• Reuse of 7,000,000 m3/year of treated effluent
• Irrigation of 775 ha of banana mainly, plus
  potatoes and tomatoes
• Acceptable quality, and studies are ongoing for
  its improvement using micro and ultra filtration
• Cost 0.45 /m3

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Greece City of Chalkis
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Plant General Characteristics

• Constructed in 1994
• Reclamation of wastewater started in 1998
• Daily flow of 9,000 m3/day

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Treatment Technology
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Disinfection Process

• In 1998, ultraviolet disinfection using two types
  of UV systems (closed and open type) and
  chlorination was introduced
• The first UV bank produced 55 mWs/cm2. After
  test, it was decided to increase the total dose
  of the UV lamps to 120 mWs/cm2

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Effluent Quality
Parameter Average Value
Temperature ºC 21.2
pH 7.14
Redox mV 60
Suspended Solids (SS) mg/l 12
COD mg/l 54
BOD mg/l 9
N-NH4 mg/l 6.6
N-NO3- mg/l 5.5
N-NO2- mg/l 0.3
Total Phosphorous mg/l 4.0
UV Transmission T 55.3
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Coliform Distribution Per Stage
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Effluent Reuse

• Reuse of 4000 m3/day of treated effluent for
  landscape irrigation (280 ha with 100,000 trees
  and bushes) and industrial use

1994
2000
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Italy Catania Caltagirone and Grammichelle
Projects
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Projects Characteristics

• Grammichelle
• Developed in 2001
• Flow 1,500 m3/d
• Activated Sludge Chlorine Contact Tank Tank
  Storage
• Quality BOD5 lt 10 mg/l COD lt 30 mg/l
• Reused for irrigating orange, olive trees, crops
  for caning industry, and vegetables to be eaten
  cooked
• Cost 0.11 /m3

• Caltagirone
• Developed in 2001
• Flow 5,200 m3/d
• Activated Sludge Sand Filtration Reservoir
  Storage
• Quality BOD5 lt 10 mg/l COD lt 30 mg/l
• Reused for irrigating orange, olive trees, crops
  for caning industry, and vegetables to be eaten
  cooked
• Cost 0.11 /m3

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PalestineDan Region ProjectTel Aviv
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Plant and Effluent Characteristics

• Constructed in 1991-1994
• Flow of 120,000,000 m3/yr

Parameter Value
BOD5 mg/l lt0.5
COD mg/l 7
FC/100 ml 1
TC/100 ml 1
TSS mg/l 1
TN mg/l 0.4
TP mg/l 0.08
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Treatment Technology
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Soil Aquifer Treatment Basins
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Effluent Reuse

• In 1993, 75 out of 87 Mm3 of treated wastewater
  was recharged and about 100 Mm3 (together with
  groundwater) was used for agricultural irrigation
  in Negev of an area of 16,000 ha of field-crops
  (cotton, cereals, sunflower, etc.), fruit
  plantations, vegetables, and flowers aimed for
  export
• Cost 0,45 US/m3

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Cyprus Larnaca PlantMeneou Area
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Plant General Characteristics

• Located behind the International Airport of
  Cyprus
• Operation started in 1995, and reuse for
  irrigation purposes in 2000
• Design capacity 8,500 m3/d In summer 5,500
  m3/d and in winter 4,500 m3/d

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Treatment Technology
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Sand Filtration Unit
Irrigation Pumping Station
Sludge Drying Beds
Filter Press
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Effluent Quality
Parameter Value Removal Efficiency
pH 7.5 -
Total EC/100 ml 5 -
Intes. EC/100 ml 0 -
S.S (mg/l) 1.7 99.46
BOD5 (mg/l) 2.6 99.37
COD (mg/l) 56 93.1
N-NH3 (mg/l) 2.4 96.76
N-NO3 (mg/l) 6.9 -
Total N 8.5 90.22
Conductivity mS/cm 3.4 -
Parameter Value Removal Efficiency
Cl 555 2.97
B 0.8 -
P 0.6 92.04
Cd lt0.01 -
Cu 0.01 -
Ni 0.06 -
Pb 1.87 -
Zn 0.35 -
Cr III lt0.01 -
Residual Cl 0.2 -
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Effluent Reuse

• Irrigation of 150 ha of corn and alfalfa at
  Dromolaxia Village these started to grow
  noticeably fast
• Irrigation, during the summer season, of gardens,
  parks and fields owned by hotels, the
  International Airport and Larnaca Municipality
• Cost 0.5 /m3

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Other Success StoriesMediterranean Region
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Country Name of the Plant Capacity m3/day Treatment Technology Reuse Application Cost
Jordan Al Samra 150,000 3 trains of ponds 2 anaerobic, 4 facultative, 4 maturation Irrigation of 500 ha of olive trees, forest area, fodder crops and non-restricted vegetables for experiments NA
Morocco City of Drargua 600 Primary treatment (aerobic basins), secondary treatment (sand filters), tertiary treatment Irrigation of 6 ha of alfalfa, tomatoes, zucchini, corn and grass NA
Tunisia Cebela 100,000 NA Irrigation of 3,200 ha of cereals (wheat, barley, triticale and hay), golf courses, green belts, hotel gardens, orchards 0.003 /m3
Turkey Gaziantep 200,000 Primary treatment, secondary treatment (Activated Sludge) Irrigation of 8,000 ha of edible crops, vegetables and nearby fields NA
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Success StoriesNon-Mediterranean Region
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AustraliaBolivar Project
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Plant Characteristics

• Developed in 1999-2002
• Flow 150,000 m3/day
• Treats urban and industrial wastewater
• Serves Adelaide and Gawler-Elizabeth-Salisbury
  regions in South Australia

Tanks and Lagoons
Tertiary Treatment Plant
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Treatment Technology
Screening and Grit Removal
Pre-Aeration Tanks
Primary Sedimentation
Activated Sludge
Dissolved Air Flotation Filtration
Settlement Tanks
Oxidation Ponds
Chlorine Disinfection
Aquifer Storage Recovery
Sludge Stabilization Ponds

Pre-Aeration Tanks
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Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR)
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Effluent Quality
Bolivar WWTP Effluent Bolivar WWTP Effluent
Parameter Value
pH 6.9
Temperature C 18.3
EC/100 ml -
DO (mg/l) 6
TSS (mg/l) -
TN (mg/l) 7.8
TP (mg/l) 2.3
TOC (mg/l) 20.1
Conductivity (µS/cm) 1,975
ASR System Effluent ASR System Effluent
Parameter Value
pH 7.06
Temperature C 22.7
EC/100 ml 0
DO (mg/l) 0
TSS (mg/l) 1
TN (mg/l) 15.6
TP (mg/l) 0.24
TOC (mg/l) 10.6
Conductivity (µS/cm) 2,470
Achievement of quality required for
non-restricted irrigation!
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Effluent Reuse

• Irrigation of 3,500 ha of vegetables across the
  Northern Adelaide Plains through Virginia
  Pipeline Scheme (see Green area on photo)
• Watering of plant lawns and gardens
• Cleaning and flushing of equipment inside the
  plant
• Cost Construction 53 Million AU and Operation
  0.12 AU/m3

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USA California
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Wastewater Reuse in California

• Wastewater reuse has been practiced since 1890
• Historically, agricultural reuse has been
  practiced
• Over the last decade landscape irrigation in
  urban areas and groundwater recharge have been
  increasingly practiced

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Major Wastewater Reclamation Systems
Wastewater Treatment Plant Name Reclaimed Water Delivery m3/d
San Jose Creek 67,101
City of Bakersfield 56,875
Whittier Narrows 53,648
City of Modesto 48,630
Fresno-Clovis Metropolitan Area Facilities 46,284
Pamona 32,435
Laguna 31,560
Michelson 29,536
City of Bakersfield 26,447
City of Tulare 21,114
Lancaster 18,539
South Tahoe 17,184
Total 449,355
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Types of Crops Irrigated
Food Crops Food Crops Non-Food Crops
Apples Grapes Alfalfa
Asparagus Lettuce Christmas trees
Avocados Maize Clover
Barley Peaches Cotton
Beans Peppers Eucalyptus trees
Broccoli Pistachios Flower seeds
Cabbage Plums Hay
Cauliflower Squash Maize
Celery Sugarbeets Sod
Citrus Wheat Vegetable seeds
Other trees
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Monterey Wastewater Reclamation Study for
Agriculture (1980)

• A pilot tertiary reclamation plant (employing two
  parallel tertiary treatment units) was added to
  Castroville 1500 m3/day-WWTP
• Dechlorination of final effluent was practiced
  till 1983 and was stopped afterwards
• The objective is to study full-scale farm
  practices using reclaimed municipal wastewater

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Pilot Study Details

• Two 5-ha experimental plots were used in the
  lower Salinas Valley
• On one plot, artichokes were grown
• On the other, a succession of broccoli,
  cauliflower, lettuce and celery
• The plots were intended to provide data on crop
  response to two variables
• Irrigation water type (T22 effluent, FE effluent,
  well water)
• Fertilization rate (33, 66, 100)

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Pilot Study Results Treated Effluent Quality

• Salinity in the reclaimed effluents was a bit
  high, but not so high as to cause soil
  permeability problems
• Coliform levels of reclaimed effluents met the
  most stringent of the California Wastewater
  Reclamation Criteria
• The reclaimed effluents had levels of heavy
  metals an order of magnitude lower than the metal
  input from impurities in commercial fertilizers

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Pilot Study Results Plant Tissues

• Analysis of plant edible tissues showed that
  there was no difference, between plants irrigated
  with reclaimed effluents and plants irrigated
  with well water, in the level of
• Heavy metals
• Total and Faecal Coliforms

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Pilot Study Results Crop Yield

• Celery and broccoli crops gave higher yield with
  the reclaimed effluent irrigation
• Yields of lettuce and celery showed interaction
  of water type and fertilization reclaimed
  wastewater irrigation improved yields in
  unfertilized plots but had little effect on plots
  receiving fertilizers
• Artichoke yields were similar with all three
  irrigation water types
• Reductions of up to 33 of fertilizer application
  were possible when reclaimed wastewater is used

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Other Pilot Study Results

• No leaf damage due to residual chlorine (thats
  why dechlorination practice was stopped in 1983)
• No difference in plant appearance for all 3 types
  of irrigation water
• Cold storage tests showed no unexpected
  deterioration of produce
• The shelf life of produce irrigated with
  reclaimed wastewater was sometimes superior to
  that irrigated with well water
• No adverse impacts in terms of soil or
  groundwater quality degradation
• No health problems with project personnel

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Monterey Regional Wastewater Treatment and
Recycling Plant

• In 1992-1997, Monterey Regional Water Pollution
  Agency and Monterey County Water Resources Agency
  developed two projects
• A Water Recycling Facility at the Regional
  Treatment Plant
• A distribution system including 45 miles of
  pipeline and 22 supplemental wells
• The Plant employs the Title 22 (T22) treatment
  technology

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Effluent Reuse

• The project produced 8,000 m3/day of reclaimed
  wastewater distributed to farmlands in the
  Northern Salinas Valley for food crops irrigation
• Technicians perform frequent water quality tests
  to monitor the system
• During rainy season, excess water is safely
  discharged 2 miles away in the Monterey Bay

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