University of Limerick

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University of Limerick
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Basic Principles and Operation of Turbines in the
Production of Electricity
Leaving Certificate Engineering Special Topic 2007

• Presented by Rónán Dunbar
• Department of Manufacturing and Operations
  Engineering
• University of Limerick

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Production of Electricity in Ireland

• Two Sources Renewable and Non-renewable

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Production of Electricity in Ireland

• Rely Heavily on imported fuel

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Generation of Electricity

• Involves Conversion of Energy
• Energy stored in
• Fuel
• Water in a Dam
• Wind Motion
• Converted to Electrical Energy by Turbine

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What Does a Turbine do?

• Extracts Energy from Flow of Fluid
• Water
• Steam
• Wind
• Connected to Generator to Make Electricity

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Principles of Operation

• Hydrofoil/Airfoil

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Bernoullis principle
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Principles of Operation

• Impulse Turbines

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Principles of Operation

• Reaction Turbines

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Types of Turbines

• Wind Turbines
• Each Blade is an aerofoil
• Blades Controlled by
• Pitch
• Stall

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Efficiency of Wind Turbines

• Characteristics of Wind Power
• Relationship between wind speed and power out
  put.
• Variations in Wind speed
• Considering a one week period
• Ref Eirgrid

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Friday 17th November 2006
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Saturday 18th November 2006
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Sunday 19th November 2006
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Monday 20th November 2006
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Tuesday 21st November 2006
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Wednesday 22nd November 2006
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Thursday 23rd November 2006
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Friday 24th November 2006
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Supplying the National Grid
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Rated Power /Rated Wind Speed
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Steam Turbine

• Developed in 19th Century (Parsons)
• Operates on same general principle as wind
  turbines only more complex.
• Steam turbine power plants operate on a Rankine
  cycle.

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Steam Turbine - Operation
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Multi-level Turbines

• Advanced Design
• Steam Passes through one set of Turbine blades
• Redirected by Idler
• Steam Passes another set of Turbine Blades

Second Set
Idler
First Set
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Coupling of Steam Turbines

• Turbines in Series
• Uses Waste Steam from Previous Turbine

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Coupling of Steam Turbines

• Note the Increase in Diameter of the Turbine
• As the pressure drops the
• volume of the gas increases
• Boyles Law

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Hydro Turbines

• Power Affected by
• Head
• Volume of Flow

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Principles of Operation

• Impulse
• Impulse Turbines changes the velocity of a jet of
  water
• Change in momentum exerts a force on turbine
• Force acting over a distance Work
• Reaction
• Reaction Turbines change the pressure of the
  water
• The water therefore gives up Energy

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Pelton Turbine

• Impulse Turbine
• High Head Required

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Francis Turbine

• Reaction Turbine
• Spiralled Inlet
• Guide Vanes

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Kaplan Turbine

• Reaction Turbine
• High Flow
• Low Head

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Resources

• www.awea.org
• www.howstuffworks.com
• www.eirgrid.com
• www.sei.ie
• www.windpower.dk
• www.eere.energy.html