MANUFACTURING

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MANUFACTURING
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Production Systems

• These systems are the means by which our needs
  are met
• Manufacturing is making goods in a workshop or a
  factory
• Construction is building a structure on a site

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Manufacturing Systems

• Hardening clay by fire is probably the first
  example of manufacturing systems
• Glass may have been the first synthetic metal
• People began casting metal during the Bronze Age
• Stone, bone, wood, and clay were the materials
  most often used by prehistoric people.
• They used these materials to make weapons, food,
  and clothing.
• The Crafts Approach
• Candle makers, Weavers, Spinners, Glass blowers,
  Silversmiths, Coopers, Gunsmiths and Tailors
• Their tools are costly
• They hire apprentices
• Handicapped people often buy custom-made items

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Manufacturing Systems

• The Factory System
• Industrial revolution in late 1700s brought many
  new inventions
• Steam engines, sewing machines and cotton gins
  were the first machines
• Factories started making good using large number
  of workers
• Business Side
• Marketing and business management became
  important systems in manufacturing in the last
  50-70 years
• Entrepreneurs
• An entrepreneur is a person who comes up with a
  good idea and uses it to make money.
• An inventor is an entrepreneur who comes up with
  a totally new idea --- laser , contact lenses and
  razor
• An innovator is an entrepreneur who makes
  improvements in an invention --- electric guitar,
  diesel engine and power steering

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Mass Production/Assembly Line

• Production of goods in large quantities
• Each worker does one step, passing the item on
  for the next step
• Assembly line --- a system by which the item is
  moved quickly from one work station to the next
• Interchangeability is one of the most important
  characteristics of the mass production systems
  --- the parts are exactly alike or standardized
• More goods can be produced through this method in
  a given period of time
• Jigs Fixture
• A jig holds and guides the item being processed
• A fixture is used to keep the item being produced
  in the proper position
• Craft Manufacture vs Mass Production
• Comparison on page 253

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Impacts of Factory System

• More people could afford to buy the products
• Craftspeople and farmers became assembly-line
  workers
• Factory workers had to work without stopping ---
  manufacturing operation are synchronized
• Unions were formed to protect the rights of
  workers
• Child labor laws were passed
• The number and importance of schools increased

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Resources for Manufacturing

• People
• They design, advertise, distribute and sell a
  product
• They work in production lines
• Quality circle is a group of workers and managers
  who get together during the work day to discuss
  problem
• In the years to come, many of the manufacturing
  jobs will center on design and engineering
• The assemble-line work will be done by automated
  machines
• Information
• Some companies build their plants near
  universities
• They use university research to learn about new
  materials and production methods
• It helps them select the right materials

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Resources for Manufacturing

• Materials
• Raw materials --- basic industrial materials ---
  finished products
• Transportation of materials is an important issue
• Companies sometimes have to make a cost-benefit
  trade-off
• Tools and Machines
• Computer programs and sensors provide feedback
• Numerical control machines are controlled by
  punched tapes
• A control unit receives and stores all the
  directions
• Energy
• Most manufacturers use electricity from fossil
  fuels (coal, oil and natural gas).
• Other sources of electricity are hydroelectric
  and nuclear energy plants
• Factories are often built at places where energy
  costs are low
• Some industries use the heat given off during
  manufacturing --- energy re-use --- cogeneration

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Resources for Manufacturing

• Capital
• Capital is often obtained by selling shares of
  stock to the people
• Venture capital is money used to finance the
  costs of starting a new company --- private
  companies
• Time
• Productivity is how quickly and cheaply a product
  is made
• Fredrick Taylor developed Scientific Management
  --- to study every movement that a worker made