Latitude-Longitude System

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Latitude-Longitude System
most commonly used coordinate system for the
Earth, based on observations of the sun and other
stars
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points position measured as an angle north or
south of the equator. 0 is Equator and 90 is
the poles
Latitude -
lines of latitude known as parallels
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Longitude
distance east or west of the prime meridian from
0 to 180
lines of longitude known as meridians
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In what direction does the sun rise and in what
direction does the sun set?
Rises in the East and sets in the West
So if you are looking down at the Earth (at the
North Pole) from space, in what direction does
the Earth rotate (clockwise or counterclockwise)?
From West to East or Counterclockwise when
looking down on the North Pole
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Rotation Rate 15/hour
How many times does 15 go into 360?
Takes one day or 24 hours to rotate 360
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We Can determine time anywhere else in the world
by knowing the longitude and time where you are.
- 0 Longitude equals Prime Meridian Greenwich
Mean Time
- 15 one way or another from the Prime Meridian
1 hour ahead or behind
- We are about 75 West Longitude
- Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is also known as Zulu
Time
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Solar Noon the time when the sun is highest in
the sky at any given
location
Clock Time based on the time at 0 Longitude
and the distance in degrees
longitude from the Prime
Meridian for any given
location on Earth
- Clock Noon does not always represent solar
noon, quite close - Noon sun is never directly
overhead for all locations on Earth - In NYS the
sun is always in the Southern Half of the Sky
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• Guatemala City, Guatemala 14 37N 90 31W
• Kingston, Jamaica 17 59N 76 49W
• Manila, Philippines 14 35N 120 57E
• Tananarive, Madagascar 18 50S 47 33E
• Singapore, Singapore 1 14N 103 55E
• What time is it at these locations around the
  world if it is 9AM here?
• Which of these cities is located on the same line
  of longitude as we are?
• Why is it warmer there year round?

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OBLATE SPHEROID
Actual Shape of Earth
- Flattened at the poles and bulging at the
equator

• Equatorial Circumference 40,076 km
• Polar Circumference 40,008 km
• Equatorial Diameter 12,757 km
• Polar Diameter 12,714 km

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• Plane of Horizon apparent line that separates
  Earth from sky in all visible directions
• Celestial Object something in the sky or space
• Celestial Altitude altitude of an object in the
  sky above the horizon measures as an angle
• Celestial Sphere imaginary sphere covering an
  observer
• Zenith point directly above observer on
  celestial sphere

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Evidence of Earths Nearly Spherical Shape

• Ships and Eclipses
• Photographs Taken From Space
• Observations of the Altitude of Polaris

When viewed from space or scaled down to a
model, the Earth appears to be a perfect sphere,
since the bulge is almost negligible
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Evidence of Earths Oblate Spheroid Shape

• Changing ground distances between lines of
  latitude
• Weight (gravity) difference at equator and poles

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Relief
changes in elevation ex. Mountain, valleys,
hills, canyons
Compared to the diameter of the Earth, even the
highest mountain is quite small, thus relative to
the overall size of the Earth it is actually
quite smooth
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Erotasthenes Info
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Earths Spheres

• Lithosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Atmosphere

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Lithosphere

• Continuous outer solid rock layer of Earth
• CRUST/ Part of the Mantle
• More dense than hydrosphere, thus below
• Varies in thickness from 70 to 150 km
• Oxygen and silicon most common elements (see
  ESRT)

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Hydrosphere

• Thin layer of water that covers majority of
  Earths surface
• Approx. 71 of surface covered with water
• 3.5 to 4 km thick, thin compared to other
  spheres
• All bodies of water
• Hydrogen and oxygen most abundant

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Atmosphere

• Shell of gases surrounding Earth
• Separated into layers each having distinct
  characteristics
• Several hundred km thick
• Least dense of three spheres
• See ESRT

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Field region of space with a measurable
quantity at every point
Ex. Gravity, temp., pressure, elevation
Isolines lines that connect points of equal
field value
Types of Isolines

• Contour - elevation

• Isotherm - temperature

• Isobar - pressure

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Scalar Field a field that has magnitude only,
no direction
Ex. Elevation, temperature, pressure
Vector Field a field that shows values for
magnitude and direction
Ex. Wind, magnetic fields
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The picture to the right is an example of a field
map. In this example, the numbers on the map
represent the concentration of gasoline found at
that location. So the map simply shows how much
of something (in this case gasoline) is found at
many locations.
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The image on the left is an example of a
gasoline field map with the 40 isoline drawn
in. Notice that the line connects points that
all have the same value. In this example, the
circle connects all of the points with a value of
40. That means that every point on that line has
a value of exactly 40
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This map has all of the isolines drawn in, at
an interval of 10 (each line is 10 units apart)
is shown to the right
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D.O.Q 10/11/12

• Do Now
• Copy down daily observations
• Be prepared for a quiz

Sunrise 713 AM Sunset 627 PM Hours of
Daylight Moon Phase Waning Crescent, 19
Questions 1.