Kin-Ordered Mode of Production

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Kin-Ordered Mode of Production

• Labour and resources are acquired primarily on
  the basis of reciprocity between people who are
  related by descent and marriage.

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Relations of Production

• Deployed on the basis of kinship relations.

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Modes of Exchange

• Patterns according to which the distribution of
  good and services take place.
• The different modes of exchange are reciprocity,
  redistribution, and market exchange.
• Each mode of exchange is characteristic of a
  different mode of production.

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• Kin-Ordered Mode Reciprocity
• Tributary Mode Redistribution
• Capitalist Mode Market exchange

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Reciprocity

• Form of exchange that dominates the distribution
  of goods among members of a kin-ordered society.
• Reciprocity is the exchange of goods and services
  of equal value, involving an obligation both to
  give and to receive.

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Generalized Reciprocity

• An exchange where people dont expect immediate
  return and dont specify the value of the return.

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• There is a direct link between a societys
  subsistence strategy and its social and political
  organization.

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Kin-Ordered Mode of Production

• Social stratification is usually egalitarian.

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Kayapo

• Amazonian indigenous group of about 4,000 people,
  living in autonomous villages.
• Tropical forest horticulturalists.

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Politically Significant Regional Divisions

• (a) 2 Northern communities, part of the Tchikin
  sub-group.
• (b) The people of Para. In Kayapo Indigenous
  Area East of the Xingu river (Gorotire,
  Kikretum). These villages have received little
  support from the state or private agencies, and
  have allowed extractivism from loggers and miners
  in their areas.
• (c) The people of Xingu. Located West of the
  Xingu river (Kapot-Roykore). Received support
  from the National Park of Xingu, and Stings Rain
  Forest Foundation.

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Extended Family

• A family pattern made up of three generations
  living together parents, married children, and
  grandchildren.

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Authority

• Defined through action, particularly success in
  bringing back goods from alien sources and in
  mobilizing collective action.

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• Traditional political tension between consecutive
  social generations.
• Tension counterbalanced by the closeness of
  alternate generations grandparents and
  grandchildren, uncles and nephews, aunts and
  nieces.

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Main Authority

• Exercised by a male chief, whose authority is
  derived from formal office as ritual leader of
  the community as a whole.

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History of inter-ethnic relations

• Before 1950s Penetration of Western groups
  territory by ranchers and speculators.
• 1960s and 70s Attempts by settlers and ranchers
  to move onto Kayapo land.
• 1970 Government diverted the course of a highway
  to cut out the Kayapo portion of the National
  Park of the Xingu, and sold it to ranchers
  these were repelled violently by the Kayapo

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History of inter-ethnic relations

• Late 1970s and early 1980s Logging companies and
  gold miners began to appear, offering small fees
  for concessions. They didnt represent a threat
  of permanent settlement or occupation of land
  like ranchers did, so
• 1979 Chief Pombo of Kikretum granted the 1st
  logging concession.
• 1981 Gorotire followed suit.
• Gold rush at the time was also encouraged by the
  Brazilian government as a mechanism to diffuse
  social tensions among landless peansants

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Late 1970s early 1980s

• Kayapo leaders in what is now the Kayapo
  Indigenous Area entered into contracts with
  logging and mining companies to operate on Kayapo
  lands, in return for a percentage of the
  proceeds.

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• The young chiefs who began giving concessions
  were the most inter-cultural of the Kayapo,
  successful in mediating inter-ethnic relations
  thanks to their command of Portuguese and of
  Brazilian ways

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Main social consequences of negotiations

• a) Young leaders enriched themselves at the
  communities expense.

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• b) However, these young chiefs were able to
  establish themselves on an equal footing with the
  Brazilian regional elite for the first time in
  history.

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• c) Internal tensions grew, nonetheless, as
  opinion about logging and mining became divided,
  and the legitimacy of new young leaders was
  questioned.

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• d) Villages live in poverty and suffer the
  effects of environmental degradation
• Destruction of forest hunting and gathering
  resources by logging.
• Pollution of rivers with mercury, poisoning water
  and fish.
• Flooding, bringing malarial mosquitoes.

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• e) Kayapos image as primitive ecologists
  eventually came into question in the 1990s.

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Sting
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• Between Sept. 1994 and Jan. 1995 the people of
  Gorotire revolted and expelled miners and loggers
  from their territory.

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• Kayapo chiefs terminated all concessions on their
  land.

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Assertion of communal control over Kayapo leaders

• Facilitated by a fundamental dynamic of
  indigenous Kayapo politics the compensatory
  alliance between alternate generations, in this
  case senior traditional chiefs on the one hand,
  and young men in their twenties, on the other.

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Present

• New inter-communal associations to develop
  alternative, environmentally sustainable sources
  of income.

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Resistance

• Power to refuse being forced against ones will
  to conform to someone elses wishes.

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Hegemony

• Persuasion of subordinate peoples to accept the
  ideology of the dominant group

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Ideology

• Worldview that tends to justify the social
  arrangements under which people live.

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Domination

• Coercive rule

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Exam

• Next Thursday, October 13.
• In-class, (120 hs)
• No reading materials or notes allowed.
• Bring your own pencil and eraser.

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What?

• Schultz and Lavenda
• Chapter 1 The Anthropological Perspective
• Chapter 2, Culture and the Human Condition
• Chapter 4 Anthropology in History and the
  Explanation of Cultural Diversity
• Chapter 9 Social Organization and Power
• Chapter 10 Making a Living
• Chapter 14, Dimensions of Inequality in the
  Contemporary World, pps. 327-329
• Chapter 15 A Global World

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• Lecture notes
• Tzvetan Todorovs Columbus and the Indians in
  reading kit
• Terence Turners The Kayapo Resistance in
  reading kit
• Films Cannibal Tours and Life and Debt

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Format

• Multiple-choice
• One short essay question