SIMS 290-2: Applied Natural Language Processing

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SIMS 290-2 Applied Natural Language Processing
Barbara Rosario Sept 27, 2004    
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Today

• Classification
• Text categorization (and other applications)
• Various issues regarding classification
• Clustering vs. classification, binary vs.
  multi-way, flat vs. hierarchical classification
• Introduce the steps necessary for a
  classification task
• Define classes
• Label text
• Features
• Training and evaluation of a classifier

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Classification

• Goal Assign objects from a universe to two or
  more classes or categories
• Examples
• Problem Object
  Categories
• Tagging Word POS
• Sense Disambiguation Word The
  words senses
• Information retrieval Document
  Relevant/not relevant
• Sentiment classification Document
  Positive/negative
• Author identification Document Authors

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Author identification

• They agreed that Mrs. X should only hear of the
  departure of the family, without being alarmed on
  the score of the gentleman's conduct but even
  this partial communication gave her a great deal
  of concern, and she bewailed it as exceedingly
  unlucky that the ladies should happen to go away,
  just as they were all getting so intimate
  together.
• Gas looming through the fog in divers places in
  the streets, much as the sun may, from the
  spongey fields, be seen to loom by husbandman and
  ploughboy. Most of the shops lighted two hours
  before their time--as the gas seems to know, for
  it has a haggard and unwilling look. The raw
  afternoon is rawest, and the dense fog is
  densest, and the muddy streets are muddiest near
  that leaden-headed old obstruction, appropriate
  ornament for the threshold of a leaden-headed old
  corporation, Temple Bar.

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Author identification

• Jane Austen (1775-1817), Pride and Prejudice
• Charles Dickens (1812-70), Bleak House

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Author identification

• Federalist papers
• 77 short essays written in 1787-1788 by Hamilton,
  Jay and Madison to persuade NY to ratify the US
  Constitution published under a pseudonym
• The authorships of 12 papers was in dispute
  (disputed papers)
• In 1964 Mosteller and Wallace solved the problem
• They identified 70 function words as good
  candidates for authorships analysis
• Using statistical inference they concluded the
  author was Madison

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Function words for Author Identification
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Function words for Author Identification
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Classification

• Goal Assign objects from a universe to two or
  more classes or categories
• Examples
• Problem Object
  Categories

Author identification Document
Authors Language identification Document
Language
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Language identification

• Tutti gli esseri umani nascono liberi ed eguali
  in dignità e diritti. Essi sono dotati di ragione
  e di coscienza e devono agire gli uni verso gli
  altri in spirito di fratellanza.
• Alle Menschen sind frei und gleich an Würde und
  Rechten geboren. Sie sind mit Vernunft und
  Gewissen begabt und sollen einander im Geist der
  Brüderlichkeit begegnen.
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN, in 363
  languages

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Language identification

• égaux
• eguali
• iguales
• edistämään
• Ü

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Classification

• Goal Assign objects from a universe to two or
  more classes or categories
• Examples
• Problem Object
  Categories
• Author identification Document Authors
• Language identification Document Language
• Text categorization Document Topics

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Text categorization

• Topic categorization classify the document into
  semantics topics

The U.S. swept into the Davis Cup final on Saturday when twins Bob and Mike Bryan defeated Belarus's Max Mirnyi and Vladimir Voltchkov to give the Americans an unsurmountable 3-0 lead in the best-of-five semi-final tie. One of the strangest, most relentless hurricane seasons on record reached new bizarre heights yesterday as the plodding approach of Hurricane Jeanne prompted evacuation orders for hundreds of thousands of Floridians and high wind warnings that stretched 350 miles from the swamp towns south of Miami to the historic city of St. Augustine.
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Text categorization

• http//news.google.com/
• Reuters
• Collection of (21,578) newswire documents.
• For research purposes a standard text collection
  to compare systems and algorithms
• 135 valid topics categories

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Reuters

• Top topics in Reuters

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Reuters
ltREUTERS TOPICS"YES" LEWISSPLIT"TRAIN"
CGISPLIT"TRAINING-SET" OLDID"12981"
NEWID"798"gt ltDATEgt 2-MAR-1987 165143.42lt/DATEgt
ltTOPICSgtltDgtlivestocklt/DgtltDgthoglt/Dgtlt/TOPICSgt ltTITLE
gtAMERICAN PORK CONGRESS KICKS OFF
TOMORROWlt/TITLEgt ltDATELINEgt CHICAGO, March 2 -
lt/DATELINEgtltBODYgtThe American Pork Congress kicks
off tomorrow, March 3, in Indianapolis with 160
of the nations pork producers from 44 member
states determining industry positions on a number
of issues, according to the National Pork
Producers Council, NPPC. Delegates to the
three day Congress will be considering 26
resolutions concerning various issues, including
the future direction of farm policy and the tax
law as it applies to the agriculture sector. The
delegates will also debate whether to endorse
concepts of a national PRV (pseudorabies virus)
control and eradication program, the NPPC said.
A large trade show, in conjunction with the
congress, will feature the latest in technology
in all areas of the industry, the NPPC added.
Reuter 3lt/BODYgtlt/TEXTgtlt/REUTERSgt
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Text categorization examples

• Topic categorization
• http//news.google.com/
• Reuters.

• Spam filtering
• Determine if a mail message is spam (or not)
• Customer service message classification

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Classification vs. Clustering

• Classification assumes labeled data we know how
  many classes there are and we have examples for
  each class (labeled data).
• Classification is supervised
• In Clustering we dont have labeled data we just
  assume that there is a natural division in the
  data and we may not know how many divisions
  (clusters) there are
• Clustering is unsupervised

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Classification
Class1
Class2
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Classification
Class1
Class2
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Classification
Class1
Class2
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Classification
Class1
Class2
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Clustering
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Clustering
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Clustering
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Clustering
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Clustering
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Categories (Labels, Classes)

• Labeling data
• 2 problems
• Decide the possible classes (which ones, how
  many)
• Domain and application dependent
• http//news.google.com
• Label text
• Difficult, time consuming, inconsistency between
  annotators

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Reuters
ltREUTERS TOPICS"YES" LEWISSPLIT"TRAIN"
CGISPLIT"TRAINING-SET" OLDID"12981"
NEWID"798"gt ltDATEgt 2-MAR-1987 165143.42lt/DATEgt
ltTOPICSgtltDgtlivestocklt/DgtltDgthoglt/Dgtlt/TOPICSgt ltTITLE
gtAMERICAN PORK CONGRESS KICKS OFF
TOMORROWlt/TITLEgt ltDATELINEgt CHICAGO, March 2 -
lt/DATELINEgtltBODYgtThe American Pork Congress kicks
off tomorrow, March 3, in Indianapolis with 160
of the nations pork producers from 44 member
states determining industry positions on a number
of issues, according to the National Pork
Producers Council, NPPC. Delegates to the
three day Congress will be considering 26
resolutions concerning various issues, including
the future direction of farm policy and the tax
law as it applies to the agriculture sector. The
delegates will also debate whether to endorse
concepts of a national PRV (pseudorabies virus)
control and eradication program, the NPPC said.
A large trade show, in conjunction with the
congress, will feature the latest in technology
in all areas of the industry, the NPPC added.
Reuter 3lt/BODYgtlt/TEXTgtlt/REUTERSgt
Why not topic policy ?
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Binary vs. multi-way classification

• Binary classification two classes
• Multi-way classification more than two classes
• Sometime it can be convenient to treat a
  multi-way problem like a binary one one class
  versus all the others, for all classes

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Flat vs. Hierarchical classification

• Flat classification relations between the
  classes undetermined
• Hierarchical classification hierarchy where each
  node is the sub-class of its parents node

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Single- vs. multi-category classification

• In single-category text classification each text
  belongs to exactly one category
• In multi-category text classification, each text
  can have zero or more categories

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LabeledText class in NLTK

• LabeledText class
• gtgtgt text "Seven-time Formula One champion
  Michael Schumacher took on the Shanghai circuit
  Saturday in qualifying for the first Chinese
  Grand Prix."
• gtgtgt label sport
• gtgtgt labeled_text LabeledText(text, label)
• gtgtgt labeled_text.text()
• Seven-time Formula One champion Michael
  Schumacher took on the Shanghai circuit Saturday
  in qualifying for the first Chinese Grand Prix.
• gtgtgt labeled_text.label()
• sport

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NLTK The Classifier Interface

• classify determines which label is most
  appropriate for a given text token, and returns a
  labeled text token with that label.
• labels returns the list of category labels that
  are used by the classifier.
• gtgtgt token Token(The World Health Organization
  is recommending more importance be attached to
  the prevention of heart disease and other
  cardiovascular ailments rather than focusing on
  treatment.)
• gtgtgt my_classifier.classify(token)
• The World Health Organization is recommending
  more importance be attached to the prevention of
  heart disease and other cardiovascular ailments
  rather than focusing on treatment./ health
• gtgtgt my_classifier.labels()
• ("sport", "health", "world",)

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Features

• gtgtgt text "Seven-time Formula One champion
  Michael Schumacher took on the Shanghai circuit
  Saturday in qualifying for the first Chinese
  Grand Prix."
• gtgtgt label sport
• gtgtgt labeled_text LabeledText(text, label)

• Here the classification takes as input the whole
  string
• Whats the problem with that?
• What are the features that could be useful for
  this example?

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Feature terminology

• Feature An aspect of the text that is relevant
  to the task
• Some typical features
• Words present in text
• Frequency of words
• Capitalization
• Are there NE?
• WordNet
• Others?

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Feature terminology

• Feature An aspect of the text that is relevant
  to the task
• Feature value the realization of the feature in
  the text
• Words present in text Kerry, Schumacher, China
  
• Frequency of word Kerry(10), Schumacher(1)
• Are there dates? Yes/no
• Are there PERSONS? Yes/no
• Are there ORGANIZATIONS? Yes/no
• WordNet Holonyms (China is part of Asia),
  Synonyms(China, People's Republic of China, mainla
  nd China)

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Feature Types

• Boolean (or Binary) Features
• Features that generate boolean (binary) values.
• Boolean features are the simplest and the most
  common type of feature.
• f1(text) 1 if text contain Kerry
• 0 otherwise
• f2(text) 1 if text contain PERSON
• 0 otherwise

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Feature Types

• Integer Features
• Features that generate integer values.
• Integer features can be used to give classifiers
  access to more precise information about the
  text.
• f1(text) Number of times text contains Kerry
• f2(text) Number of times text contains PERSON

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Features in NLTK

• Feature Detectors
• Features can be defined using feature detector
  functions, which map LabeledTexts to values
• Method detect, which takes a labeled text, and
  returns a feature value.
• gtgtgt def ball(ltext)
• return (ball in ltext.text())
• gtgtgt fdetector FunctionFeatureDetector(ball)
• gtgtgt document1 "John threw the ball over the
  fence".split()
• gtgtgt fdetector.detect(LabeledText(document1)
• 1
• gtgtgt document2 "Mary solved the
  equation".split()
• gtgtgt fdetector.detect(LabeledText(document2)
• 0

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Features in NLTK

• Feature Detector Lists data structures that
  represent the feature detector functions for a
  set of features.
• Feature Value Lists

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Feature selection

• How do we choose the right features?
• Next lecture

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Classification

• Define classes
• Label text
• Extract Features
• Choose a classifier
• gtgtgt my_classifier.classify(token)
• The Naive Bayes Classifier
• NN (perceptron)
• SVM
• . (next Monday)
• Train it (and test it)
• Use it to classify new examples

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Training

• (Well see what we mean exactly with training
  when well talk about the algorithms)
• Adaptation of the classifier to the data
• Usually the classifier is defined by a set of
  parameters
• Training is the procedure for finding a good
  set of parameters
• Goodness is determined by an optimization
  criterion such as misclassification rate
• Some classifiers are guaranteed to find the
  optimal set of parameters

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(Linear) Classification
Class1
Linear classifier g(x) wx w0
parameters w, w0
Class2
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(Linear) Classification
Class1
Linear classifier g(x) wx w0
Changing the parameters w, w0
Class2
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(Linear) Classification
Class1
Linear classifier g(x) wx w0
Class2
For each set of parameters w, w0, calculate
error
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(Linear) Classification
Class1
Linear classifier g(x) wx w0
Class2
For each set of parameters w, w0, calculate
error
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(Linear) Classification
Choose the classier with the lower rate of
misclassification
Class1
Linear classifier g(x) wx w0
Class2
For each set of parameters w, w0, calculate
error
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Testing, evaluation of the classifier

• After choosing the parameters of the classifiers
  (i.e. after training it) we need to test how well
  its doing on a test set (not included in the
  training set)
• Calculate misclassification on the test set

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Evaluating classifiers

• Contingency table for the evaluation of a binary
  classifier

GREEN is correct RED is correct
GREEN was assigned a b
RED was assigned c d

• Accuracy (ad)/(abcd)
• Precision P_GREEN a/(ab), P_ RED d/(cd)
• Recall R_GREEN a/(ac), R_ RED d/(bd)

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Training size

• The more the better! (usually)
• Results for text classification

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Training size
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Training size
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Training Size

• Author identification

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Next Time and Upcoming

• Define classes
• Label text
• Features (Wednesday)
• Classifiers (next week)
• The Naive Bayes Classifier
• NN (perceptron)
• SVM
• Decision trees
• K nearest neighbor
• Maximum Entropy models