Life in the Marine Environment

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Chapter 4

• Life in the Marine Environment

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Energy
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• The ability to do work
• All living things require energy

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Metabolism
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• The sum total of all the chemical reaction that
  take place in an organism

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Anabolism
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• Reactions that build up
• Reactions that require energy

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Catabolism
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• Reactions that break down biomolecules
• Reactions that give off energy

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Common atoms found in living things
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• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen

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Building Blocks of Life
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• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydrates

• Sugars starches
• Structure, energy storage, intermediates in
  metabolic pathways

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Lipids

• Fats oils
• Energy storage membrane structure

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Proteins

• Long chain amino acids
• Every possible use

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Nucleic Acids

• DNA RNA
• Carrying the genetic code

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Carbon Fixation
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• Changing atmospheric carbon (CO2) to a usable
  form
• CO2 ----gt C6H12O6

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Photosynthesis
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• Using energy from light to convert CO2 to organic
  matter (carbon fixation)
• Anabolic reaction

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Chlorophyll
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• The main pigment that absorbs sunlight in the
  photosynthetic process

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Main Photosynthetic Reaction
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• 6 CO2 6 H2O
• --------------gt C6H12O6 6 O2

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Respiration
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• The breakdown of organic matter producing energy,
  CO2 H2O
• Catabolic rxn
• Reverse of Photo. Rxn

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Autotrophs
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• Perform carbon fixation
• Produce their own food

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Photoautotroph
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• Obtains energy from light to perform carbon
  fixation
• Photosynthetic organisms

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Chemoautotroph
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• Obtains energy from high energy chemicals to
  perform carbon fixation
• Chemosynthetic organisms

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Heterotrophs
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• Cannot produce their own food
• Must consume food

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ATP
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• Adenosine triphosphate
• Energy carrier in living organisms
• ATP ---gt ADP P E

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Primary Production
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• Another name for carbon fixation

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Primary Producers
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• Make their own food
• Carbon fixers
• Autotrophs

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Consumers
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• Must consume food
• Heterotrophs

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Resources
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• Anything an organism needs to survive

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Nutrients
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• Raw materials other than light, CO2, O2, H2O
  that organisms need to survive

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Types of Cells
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• Prokaryotic
• Eukaryotic

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Prokaryote

• Primitive
• Lack organelles
• No Nucleus

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Eukaryotic Cells
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• Advanced cells
• Organelles within membranes
• Has Nucleus

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Types of Eukaryotic Cells
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• Plant Cells
• Animal Cells

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Plant Cell

• Has cell walls
• Has chloroplasts
• Has huge vacuole

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Animal Cell

• Has no cell wall
• Has no chloroplasts
• Has smaller vacuoles

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Levels of Organization
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• Atom System
• Molecule Individual
• Organelle Population
• Cell Community
• Tissue Ecosystem
• Organ

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Atom

• Fundamental unit of matter
• Oxygen, Hydrogen, etc

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Molecule

• Group of atoms chemically combined
• H2O, CO2, C6H12O6

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Organelle

• Complex structure bound within membrane
• Nucleus, mitochondria, etc

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Cell

• Basic unit of life

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Tissue

• Group of cells specialized for the same function
• Muscle tissue

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Organ

• Tissue organized into structures
• Stomach, heart, etc

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Organ System

• A group of organs that work in cooperation
• Digestive system, etc

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Individual

• An organism
• Human, amoeba, etc

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Population

• The number of organisms in a particular species
• 8,000,000 rats in Baltimore

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Community

• All the populations in a habitat
• Humans, rats, roaches, etc in Baltimore

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Ecosystem

• Community of communities bound in a common area
• Chesapeake Bay Basin

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Classification of organisms based on mobility
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• Planktonic
• Nektonic
• Benthic

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Planktonic
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• Cannot swim faster than the ocean currents
• Free floating of free drifting

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Nektonic
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• Can swim against the currents
• Free swimming

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Benthic
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• Bottom dwelling

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Sessile
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• Attached to a surface

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Diffusion
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• The movement of particles down an energy gradient
• hot to cold, etc

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Osmosis
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• The movement of water across a selectively
  permeable membrane

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Osmoregulator
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• Organisms that can regulate their internal salt
  content

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Osmoconformer
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• Organisms that cannot regulate their internal
  salt content

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EndothermHomeothermWarm Blooded
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• Organisms that can control their internal body
  temperature

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EctothermPoikilothermCold Blooded
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• Organisms that cannot control their internal body
  temperature

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Reproduction
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• The ability of organisms to produce new organisms
  similar to themselves

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Modes of Reproduction
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• Asexual Reproduction
• Sexual Reproduction

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Asexual Reproduction
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• Reproduction that does not involve a partner
• Binary fission
• Budding
• Vegetative reproduction

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Binary Fission
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• Mitosis
• One organism split into 2 identical organisms
• Cloning

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Budding
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• Parent cell develops small growth (Bud) that
  breaks off becomes new organism

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Vegetative Reproduction
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• Sending various kinds of runners that take root
  and sever from the parent to become new individual

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Germ Tissue
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• Specialized tissue used in sexual reproduction

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Meiosis
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• Specialized reproduction germ cells perform that
  divides diploid cells into haploid cells

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Diploid Cells
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• Normal cells that have two similar sets of
  chromosomes
• 2n

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Haploid Cells
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• Gametes that have only one set of chromosomes
• 1n or n

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Gametes
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• The male or female haploid cells
• Sperm - male
• Egg - female

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Gonads
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• The germ tissue that produces haploid cells
• Ovaries - Female
• Testes - Male

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Fertilization
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• The process in which the sperm contacts fuses
  with the egg

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Zygote
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• Fertilized egg

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Embryo
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• Name for the fertilized egg after cell division
  begins

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Heredity
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• The transfer of genetic information from one
  generation to the next

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Natural Selection
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• The individuals that have the best adaptive
  traits have the greatest survival rate
• Survival of the fittest

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Evolution
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• Genetic changes over time due to natural selection

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Phylogeny
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• Evolutionary history of a species

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Taxonomy
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• Classification of organisms

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Kingdom Phylum Class Order
Family Genus
species
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Kingdoms
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• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

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Archaebacteria
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• Primative bacteria
• Prokaryotes
• Thermophiles
• Halophiles

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Eubacteria
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• Advanced bacteria
• True bacteria
• Prokaryotes

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Protista
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• Unicellular eukaryotes and multi-cellular algae

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Fungi
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• Plant like heterotrophs

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Plantae
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• Complex organisms that perform photosynthesis
• Have cell walls
• Have chloroplasts

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Animalia
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• Complex heterotrophs
• No cell walls
• No Chloroplasts