Journal

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Journal

• How does the misuse of antibiotics affect the
  evolution of disease-causing bacteria? Use the
  theory of natural selection to explain the
  growing resistance to antibiotics.

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TAXONOMY
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Taxonomy- science of classifying naming
organisms based on similarities.

• 1. Aristotle-
• developed first system of classification.
• Very vague NO LONGER USED
• Divided classified organisms as

• PLANTS
• a. Trees (large)
• b. Shrubs (medium)
• c. Grasses (small)

• ANIMALS
• a. Land
• b. Air
• c. water

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• Carolus Linneaus-
• developed system we use today.
• developed 7 levels of classification

Kingdom
Broadest
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Most specific
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Carolus Linneaus

• Developed binomial nomenclature- two word system
  for naming organisms (AKA- scientific names)
• Scientific names reduce confusion of regional
  names
• EX Felis concolor is scientific name for puma,
  mtn. lion, cougar

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Scientific Naming Rules

• Written in Latin- old language/never changes
• Italicized when typed underlined when written
• First word is genus name- capitalized
• Second word is species name- lowercase
• Species name can represent
• Color- ex Acer rubrum is a red maple
• Who discovered it- ex Friula wallacii is a
  spider discovered by Wallace
• Place where discovered- ex Aplysia californica
  is a California Sea Hare

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DOMAINS

• Scientists have recently added a new category-
  Domains which are larger than kingdoms.
• Three domains
• Domain Bacteria
• Includes common bacteria
• Domain Archaea
• Includes extreme bacteria
• Domain Eukarya
• Includes protists, fungi, plants, animals

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Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Primates
Family Hominidae
This is the classification for a human
Genus Homo
Our scientific name is Homo sapien
Species sapien
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Mnemonic Device

• Domain Dear
• Kingdom King
• Phylum Philip
• Class Came
• Order Over
• Family For
• Genus Great
• Species Spaghetti

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• Organisms are classified into their different
  kingdoms based on
• Cell type
• Cell structure
• Number of cells
• Mode of nutrition

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6 KINGDOMS

• Monera
• 1. Eubacteria
• 2. Archebacteria
• 3. Protista
• 4. Fungi
• 5. Plantae
• 6. Animalia

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KINGDOM EUBACTERIA

• EX E.coli or Streptococcus
• - Prokaryote
• Cell walls with peptidoglycan
• Unicellular
• Autotroph or heterotroph

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KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA

• EX methanogens, halophiles- Live in extreme
  places
• Prokaryote
• Cell walls without peptidoglycan
• Unicellular
• Autotroph or heterotroph

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KINGDOM PROTISTA

• EX amoeba, paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp
• Eukaryote
• Cell walls of cellulose in some, Some have
  chloroplasts
• Most unicellular some colonial some
  multicellular
• Autotroph or heterotroph

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KINGDOM PLANTAE

• EX mosses, ferns, flowering plants
• Eukaryote
• Cell walls of cellulose chloroplasts
• Multicellular
• Autotroph

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KINGDOM FUNGI

• EX mushrooms, yeast
• Eukaryote
• Cell walls of chitin
• Most multicellular some unicellular
• Heterotroph

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KINGDOM ANIMALIA

• EX sponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals, etc.
• Eukaryote
• No cell walls or chloroplasts
• Multicellular
• Heterotroph

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Cladograms/Phylogenetic Trees

• Show evolutionary relationships
• Like a family tree

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• Which two animals are more closely related?
• Which two animals are least closely related?

Chimp Bonobo
Gibbon Human
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• Classification key/Dichotomous key-
• 1. Type of tool used to identify unknown
  organisms.
• 2. Use a series of steps to identify an
  organism starting with its most general traits
  ending with its most specific traits.
• How to read one
• Read 1st two statements. Which ever is correct
  about your organism, follow the instructions.
  Keep doing this until you reach a scientific
  name.
• See example on next slide

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