Title: E-mail: hjbin@infosec.pku.edu.cn
1?????(1)
- ???
- ??????????????
- E-mail hjbin_at_infosec.pku.edu.cn
- http//infosec.pku.edu.cn/hjbin
2- ? ?
- ????????????
- ???????
- ?????????
3???????
- 1949???
- ????????
- 19491975?
- ???????
- 1976???
- ????????????
4?1??-????
- ????????,????
- ?????????????
- ???????????,??????
- ???????????
- ????????????????
5?1??-????
Phaistos??,??????160mm?Cretan-Mnoan????,?????17???
????????????,????????
620???????
7?1??-????
- 1883?Kerchoffs???????????????????????????????????
??? - ???????????,?????????????,????????????????????
8?2?? 19491975
- ??????????????????
- ???????
- 1949?Shannon?The Communication Theory of Secret
Systems - 1967?David Kahn?The Codebreakers
- 1971-73?IBM Watson????Horst Feistel???????
- ?????????????????????
9?3?? 1976
- 1976?Diffie Hellman ? New Directions in
Cryptography ????????? - 1977?Rivest,Shamir Adleman???RSA????
- 90?????????????????
- ???????????????????????????????
10?3?? 1976
- 1977?DES??????
- 80????????Post DES??,?IDEA,RCx,CAST?
- 90????????????? Rijndael,RC6, MARS, Twofish,
Serpent??? - 2001?Rijndael??DES????
11- ? ?
- ????????????
- ???????
- ?????????
12?????????
- ????????
- ?????
- ??(Interruption)(??)
- ??(Interception) (??)
- ??(Modification)
- ??(Fabrication)
- ???????????????????
- ??????????
13?????
Availability
- Interruption --
- Interception --
- Modification --
- Fabrication --
Confidentiality
Integrity
Authenticity
14????
15????
- ???(Cryptology) ??????????????.
- ?????(Cryptography) ???????????,????????.
- ?????(Cryptanalytics)?????????????????.
16????
??(Plaintext)??????? ??(CypherText)?????? ? ?
???P?P?????, PP1,P2,,Pn ????C,
CC1,C2,,Cn ????????????
CE(P)?PD(C) ?? C????,E?????P???,D????? ??????
????PD(E(P))
17????
- ?????????,??CE(K,P),???????????????????????,E??
?????,?????????????????? - ??????????,?PD(K,E(K,P))
- ??????????,?PD(KD,E(KE,P))
18????????
19????????
- ???????????????????
- ????????,?????????????????/???????????
- ?????????,????
20?????????
21?????????
- ??????????(P,C,K,E,D)????
- (1)P?????????(????)
- (2)C?????????(????)
- (3)K?????????????(????)
- (4)??k? K,??????? ???????? ,??
? ?????????,
??dk(ek(x))x ,?? x ?P?
22????????
23????
- ????(restricted)??
- ???????????????
- ????(key-based)???
- ??????????????
24????
- ??????(symmetric cipher)
- ???????????,??????,???????????
- ??????????????
- ???????(asymmetric cipher)
- ????????????,??????????
- ????????(public-key cipher)
- ???????????????, ?????????
- ???????????,??????(public key),?????????????,?
?????(private key)??,????
25??????
- ????(block cipher)
- ???????????,??????????????,????????????
- ???(stream cipher)
- ?????????????????????????
26????
- ????????
- ???????????,??????????????????
- ??????????????(????????)
27??????????
- ??????
- ??????????????????
- ??????????
- ????
- ???
- ?????
28??????
29????????
- ???????????????,?????????????????????????????????
- ??????????,??????????
- ??????
- ??????????????
- ?????????????????
30????????
- ?????(data complexity)????????????
- ?????(processing complexity)??????????
- ????(storage requirement)???????????
31??????????
32??????
33??
- ??????????????????
- ?????????????,?????????????????????
34????
??????
wuhdwb lpsrvvleoh
TREATY IMPOSSIBLE
????
CiE(Pi)Pi3
???(???) ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
defghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabc
35???????
- ?????(??????)
- ??,????
- ????????,????????????????????????
36???????
- ?????????
- CE(p)(pk)mod(26)
- pD(C)(C-k)mod(26)
- 25??????k,??Brute-Force Cryptanalysis
- ??????????????
37???????
- ????
- key
- ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
- keyabcdfghijlmnopqrstuvwxz
- spectacular
- ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
- spectaulrbdfghijkmnoqvwxyz
- ???????????
38???????
- ?????????????
- E(i)3i mod 26
- ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
- adgjmpsvybehknqtwzcfilorux
39?????
- ????26!gt4x1026 ???key,??56?DES??????
- ????????????
40(No Transcript)
41? UZQSOVUOHXMOPVGPOZPEVSGZWSZOPFPESXUDBMETSXAIZ V
UEPHZHMDZSHZOWSFPAPPDTSVPQUZWYMXUZUHSX EPYEPOPDZSZ
UFPOMBZWPFUPZHMDJUDTMOHMQ
42???????--????
- ?????E1?E2 ,???????????????????,????????????????(?
?E2???E1??) - ?1E1(T)a, E2(T)b
- E1(X)b, E2(X)a
- E1(a)(3a)mod26 E2(a)((5a)13)mod 26)
- TREAT YIMPO SSIBL E
- fumnf dyvtf czysh h
43???????--????
- ?2 E1(a)a
- E2(a)25-a
- ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
- zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcba
- It was the best of times, it was the worst of
times - Ig wzs ghv bvsg ou trmvs rt dah tse doisg ou
trmvs
44?????????
- ????????????????,????????????????????????
- ?????????????????????????
- ????????????????????
45????????????
- 1?????????????????????????
- ???,???????????????
- 2??????????????????
- 3???1??2???????,???????????
- ?,?????????????????
46???????
- ?????????????????????????????????
- ?????(One Time Pad)
- ???PAD,?????????
- ?????????????
- ??????(?OTP?????)
- ri1ricb mod w
- c?b???,w????????????
47??
- ???????????????????????????
- ??????
- ????
- ????
- ????????????????
- ?????????????
- ??????????????
48??
- ????????????,?????????????,??????
- ?????????????,?????????????????????
49- K???mm??,?Z/(26)???,???K-1??
- KK-1 I (?Z/(26))
- ????k? K, ??ek(x)xK (mod 26) ? dk(y)yK-1 (mod
26) - ?
- ??????? m????(x1, x2 , xm )(y1,
y2,,ym),Z/(26)????? - ??????????Amxm,?????detAmxm??? Z/(26),??Z/(26)???
??????? - Z/(26) a ?Z/(26)(a,26)1,Z/(26)1,3,5,7,9,1
1,15,17,19,21,23,25
50 ?m???????,PC(Z/(26))m, K??1,2,..,m???????,?
????p?K,??
e p(x1, x2,..,
xm)(xp(1),,..,xp(m)) ? d p(y1,
y2,.., ym)(yp(1),,..,yp(m))
??p-1?p????
???????????????,????? ?? ?m6,???
?
51 ???????cryptography ?????6????????cryptogra
phy ??????YTCOPRAHGYPR
52??????????p ??
53???
- ???????????,????????????
- ?????????
54??????????(????????)
55- ? ?
- ????????????
- ???????
- ?????????
56???????
- Shannon??(1949)
- ??????????????????????????
- ????????????????????
- ???????????
- ??????????????????
- ?????????????????
57Feistel????
- ??
- ??2w???????
- ??k
- ??
- ??2w???????
58Feistel?????
- ??????L0,R0,?????????n??????,???????????
- ?i????????????Li-1?Ri-1?K??????Ki?????????,???Ki?K
??,???????,????????????????
59Feistel?????
- ??????????,????????????,???????????????????F,?????
???????????????(XOR) - ??????????????????,???????Ki???
- ?????,???????????????
60Feistel?????
- ????????????????????????????,???????????Ki
- ????????????????????
61Feistel????
- ?? Li Ri-1 Ri Li-1?F(Ri-1,Ki)
- ?? Ri-1 Li
- Li-1 Ri?F(Ri-1,Ki)
- Ri?F(Li,Ki)
62Feistel???????
- ??????????????????,???????????64????????????,????
?????????? - ??????????????????,?????????????????????128???
- ??????????????,????????????????????16
- ???????????????????????
- ?????????????????????????
63Feistel?????
- ?????/??????????????,??????????,???????
- ??????????????,???????????????
64???????
- Shannon??(1949)
- ??????????????????????????
- ????????????????????
- ???????????
- ??????????????????
- ??????????????????
65???????
66???????????
- ??????????????????(??????)??,??????n??(??????n??
?),?????????????????????(??????)??
67????????
- Shannon??????????,???????????????????
- ??(Diffusion)??????????????????????
,?????????????????? - ??(confusion)????????????????????????
68?????????
- ??????????
- ??????????,?????????????????,?8?16?32????
- ??????????,??????????????????????????
- ????????????,???????????
69?????????
- ?????????,??????????????????????,?????????????????
,????????? - ???????????,???????????????????
70???DES
- Simplified DES??,??S-DES???
- ??????????
(1) ????IP(initial permutation)
(2)
????fk1,?????K???,???????????
(3) ????SW
(4) ????fk2
(5) ????IP????IP-1
71(No Transcript)
72?????????
- ?????????
- IP-1fk2SWfk1IP
???? - ??IP-1(fk2(SW(fk1(IP(??)))))
??
K1P8(??(P10(??K)))
- K2P8(??(??(P10(??K))))
- ?????????
- ??IP-1(fk1(SW(fk2(IP(??)))))
73S-DES?????
?10bit????(k1,k2,k3,k4,k5,k6,k7, k8,k9,k10)
??P10??????
P10(k1,k2,,k10)(k3,k5,k2,k7,k4,k10,k1,k
9,k8,k6) ???
P10
LS-1?????,???????2?
P8
74S-DES?????
- ??????,?K??(1010000010), ???????????
- K1(1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0)
- K2(0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1)
75 S-DES?????
76S-DES?????
- ?????IP??
- IP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
- 2 6 3 1 4 8 5 7????????IP????
- IP-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
- 4 1 3 5 7 2 8 6
- ?? IP-1(IP(X))X
77(No Transcript)