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AP World History

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AP World History Unit 4 European countries and their possessions as a percentage of the world land mass. 1800 = 55% 1878 = 67% 1914 = 84% WOW this looks like it ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: AP World History


1
The Principles of ImperialismEuropean
Imperialism
  • AP World History
  • Unit 4

2
Old Imperialism
  • Occurred between 16th and 18th centuries.
  • European powers did not usually acquire territory
    but rather built a series of trading stations.
  • Except for Spain in Americas and Portugal in
    Brazil.
  • Respected and frequently cooperated with local
    rulers in India, China, Japan, Indonesia, and
    other areas.
  • These were areas where trade flourished between
    locals and European coastal trading centers.
  • Economic penetration of non-European regions in
    the 19th century.

3
The New Imperialism Motives and Methods
  • The New Imperialism was a massive explosion of
    territorial conquest.
  • The imperial powers used economic and
    technological means to reorganize dependent
    regions.
  • This brought them into the world economy as
    suppliers of food and raw materials, and as
    consumers of industrial products.
  • In Africa and other parts of the world, this was
    done by conquest and colonial administration.

4
The Tools of the Imperialists
  • The Industrial Revolution provided technological
    innovations that made it possible for Europeans
    and Americans to build the New Imperialism.
  • Steamships, the Suez Canal, and submarine cables
    gave European forces greater mobility and better
    communications than Africans, Asians, or Latin
    Americans.
  • The discovery that quinine could be used to
    prevent malaria allowed Europeans to enter Africa
    in large numbers for the first time.
  • The invention of the breech loader, smokeless
    powder, and the machine gun widened the gap in
    the use of firearms and made colonial conquests
    easier than ever before.

5
Imperialism and the Industrial Revolution
  • The Industrial revolution brought about a greater
    need for raw materials.
  • As a result many European countries began to seek
    raw materials from the continents of Asia,
    Africa, and South America.
  • While seeking out these raw materials the
    Europeans established their rule on these
    continents expanding an empire.
  • Colonialism!
  • Western imperialism was not new.
  • Europeans had been influencing or conquering
    parts of the world since the 1400s.
  • Columbus
  • Spanish
  • U.S. grew from coast to coast during 1700s.

6
Imperialism
  • Imperialism
  • Process through which a state attempts to control
    the economic, political, and/or cultural makeup
    of another state.
  • Colonialism
  • The most developed form of Imperialism whereby
    the controlling state invades another
    state/region so as to exploit its resources
    and/or for the purposes of large-scale
    production.
  • Between 1815-1914 the West (Europe and America)
    increased their control of the worlds land mass
    from 35-85!

7
New Imperialism
  • In the 1870s, Europeans colonized Asia and Africa
    by using military force to take control of local
    governments.
  • Exploited local economies for the raw materials
    required by Europes growing industry.
  • Imposing Western values to benefit the
    backwards colonies.

8
European motives for colonization
  • Industrial Revolution.
  • Sources of raw materials.
  • Markets for finished goods.
  • European Racism.
  • White Mans Burden
  • Social Darwinism.
  • European Nationalism.
  • Missionary Activities.
  • Military and Naval Bases.
  • Places to dump unwanted or excess population.
  • Social and Economic Opportunities.
  • Humanitarian Reasons.

9
Causes of Imperialism
10
Economic
  • Industrialization gave the West the ability to
    conquer other parts of the world.
  • As well as more reasons to do so.
  • Large-scale industrial production made Western
    factories demand more raw materials.
  • This could be seized from less powerful nations.
  • Western nations needed markets for the goods
    produced.
  • Colonies would serve as potential markets.
  • Immense wealth allowed the Western world to
    conquer far-off places.

11
military
  • Industrialization provided new weaponry for the
    armies and navies of the West
  • Ocean-going fleets.
  • Modern rifles and rapid-fire artillery.
  • Native populations rarely resisted Western
    military forces.
  • Growing need of Western nations to maintain bases
    and coal/oil stations around the world for naval
    and civilian fleets.
  • Ships required repairs and refueling stations at
    strategic locations globally.

12
Social
  • Europes rapid population growth during the
    1800s played a role in prompting imperial
    activity.
  • Immigration to the Americas was an outlet.
  • Millions came to the Americas.
  • Another outlet was to leave home for colonial
    life.
  • Ambitious or desperate families
  • attempted to make their fortunes this way.

13
Science and Technology
  • Instrumental in allowing the West to conquer and
    colonize.
  • Knowledge was power.
  • Advances in transportation, communication, and
    warfare brought by the Industrial Revolution
    enabled Western nations to build empires.
  • New wave of exploration allowed for better
    knowledge of the geography of the world.
  • Medical advances
  • Made possible for Europeans and Americans to
    press into tropical regions.
  • Quinine helped relieve symptoms of malaria
    yellow fever.

14
Cultural
  • Sense of racial superiority was widespread among
    Westerners.
  • Created a sense that Western nations were
    entitled to conquer colonize areas that
    appeared backwards or primitive.
  • Cecil Rhodes, British imperialist, I contend
    that we are the finest race in the world, and the
    more of it we inhabit, the better.

15
Cultural
  • In some cases, the belief was justified in
    crude and prejudiced ways.
  • In other ways, the theory of social Darwinism was
    used to argue in favor of imperialism.
  • Misguided application of survival of the
    fittest and natural selection.
  • People who were technologically and culturally
    advanced were permitted to conquer those who were
    less.

16
Cultural
  • Social Darwinism.
  • West had a sense of racial superiority Darwins
    theory of natural selection and survival of
    the fittest applied to the human societies.
  • Destruction and conquest of weaker races was
    natures way of improving the species.

17
Cultural
  • Genuine conviction that it was the duty of white
    Westerners to teach and modernize the
    darker-skinned, supposedly primitive peoples,
    of Africa and Asia.
  • English poet Rudyard Kipling, White Mans
    Burden.
  • Attitude was well-meaning and heartfelt, but also
    condescending.
  • European and American missionaries, doctors, and
    scientists, and colonial officials sometimes did
    good in the places they visited.
  • They did so out of a subconscious sense of racial
    superiority, and often trampled on the beliefs
    and ideas of the natives.
  • Interesting fact, he also wrote The Jungle Book.

18
Migration and advantages
19
European Migration
  • Between 1815 and 1932 more than 60 million people
    left Europe.
  • Migrants went primarily to European-inhabited
    areas
  • North and South America
  • Australia
  • New Zealand
  • Siberia
  • European migration provided further incentive for
    Western expansion.
  • Most were poor from rural areas, but not from the
    poorest classes.
  • Due to oppressive land policies.

20
Western advantages
  • Strong economies.
  • Well-organized governments.
  • Powerful armed forces.
  • Superior technology and medicine.
  • Maxim gun.
  • Quinine.

21
Forms of Imperial control
22
Political
  • Usually in the form of a colony.
  • Governors and soldiers sent to control the
    people.
  • Direct Rule
  • The actual administration of government by
    representatives of the imperial power, usually
    supported by military and civilian services.
  • French tried direct rule.
  • Indirect Rule
  • Ruling through cooperation with a native ruler or
    rulers who profit from the relationship.
  • British used indirect rule.
  • Example was the Raj in India.

23
economic
  • Domination of the economy and trade of the weaker
    nation.
  • In fact, this also affects political decisions
    and, therefore, sovereignty.
  • In the 20th century would come to be known as
    neo-colonialism.

24
Protectorate
  • A stronger nation protects a weaker nation from
    others.
  • It still has great influence over the affairs of
    the protected nation
  • Supposed to listen to advice of mother country.
  • Local rulers left in place.
  • Costs less to run than a colony.

25
Sphere of influence
  • An area over which a powerful nation claims a
    vital interest and, in reality, claims the
    right to exert dominance.
  • An outside power claimed economic (trading)
    privileges.
  • China was the best example.

26
How imperialists changed local society
27
IMPERIALISTS USUALLY
  • Substituted the local government system, legal
    system, and education system with their own.
  • Substituted local economic practices with their
    own.
  • Example include land ownership and trade.
  • Substituted local cultural practices.
  • Examples include language, dress, and social
    customs
  • Video clip from the movie The Rabbit Proof Fence.
  • Showing the efforts to change the culture of the
    Aborigines in Australia.
  • Sometimes brutally, sometimes using a sympathetic
    local groups.

28
Land controlled by Other imperialistsbesides
the British
29
The French
  • French Indochina.
  • Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam
  • French Africa
  • Islands in the Caribbean.
  • Tahiti.

30
The Russians
  • Siberia.
  • Spheres of influence in Manchuria Korea.

31
The united states
  • Guam
  • Philipines
  • Cuba
  • Puerto Rico
  • Hawaii
  • Samoa other Pacific Islands

32
The japanesse
  • Taiwan
  • Sphere of influence in Korea Manchuria.

33
Impact of imperialism
34
Percentage of European possessions
  • European countries and their possessions as a
    percentage of the world land mass.
  • 1800 55
  • 1878 67
  • 1914 84
  • WOWthis looks like it would be a great concept
    for a map assignment! ?

35
THE WORLD ECONOMYAND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
36
EXPANSION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY
  • The industrial revolution greatly expanded the
    demand for spices, silk, agricultural goods, and
    raw materials in the industrialized countries.
  • The growing need for these products could not be
    met by traditional methods of production and
    transportation.
  • The imperialists brought their colonies into the
    mainstream of the world market and introduced new
    technologies.
  • The greatest change was in transportation.
  • Canals, steamships, harbor improvements, and
    railroads cut travel time and lowered freight
    costs.

37
TRANSFORMATION OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
  • The economic changes brought by Europeans and
    Americans altered environments around the world.
  • Forests were cleared for tea plantations.
  • Plant species were identified and classified.
  • Commercially valuable plants were transported
    from one tropical region to another.

38
TRANSFORMATION OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
  • The expansion of permanent agriculture and the
    increased use of irrigation and water control led
    to increased agricultural production in both
    well-watered and dry areas of the tropics.
  • Agricultural development supported larger
    populations, but it also put more pressure on the
    land.

39
TRANSFORMATION OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
  • Railroads consumed vast amounts of land, timber,
    iron, and coal while opening up previously remote
    land to development.
  • The demand for gold, iron, and other minerals
    fueled a mining boom that brought toxic run-off
    from open mines and from slag heaps.

40
The positive and negative legacy of imperialism
41
Positive the benefits
  • Infrastructure development.
  • Ports, roads, railroads, etc.
  • Advantages of European institutions.
  • Schools, hospitals, legal systems, etc.
  • Economic development of resources.

42
negative the disadvantages
  • Exploitation of native populations for cheap
    labor.
  • Resources were exported to the advantage of
    Europe.
  • Some depleted.
  • Dependency on economic systems.
  • Later, no preparation for independence.
  • Devaluation of traditional cultures.
  • Long term legacy of poverty in the world economic
    system.
  • Led to independence movements after WWII.
  • Some peaceful and some violent.
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