Title: AP World History
1The Principles of ImperialismEuropean
Imperialism
2Old Imperialism
- Occurred between 16th and 18th centuries.
- European powers did not usually acquire territory
but rather built a series of trading stations. - Except for Spain in Americas and Portugal in
Brazil. - Respected and frequently cooperated with local
rulers in India, China, Japan, Indonesia, and
other areas. - These were areas where trade flourished between
locals and European coastal trading centers. - Economic penetration of non-European regions in
the 19th century.
3The New Imperialism Motives and Methods
- The New Imperialism was a massive explosion of
territorial conquest. - The imperial powers used economic and
technological means to reorganize dependent
regions. - This brought them into the world economy as
suppliers of food and raw materials, and as
consumers of industrial products. - In Africa and other parts of the world, this was
done by conquest and colonial administration.
4The Tools of the Imperialists
- The Industrial Revolution provided technological
innovations that made it possible for Europeans
and Americans to build the New Imperialism. - Steamships, the Suez Canal, and submarine cables
gave European forces greater mobility and better
communications than Africans, Asians, or Latin
Americans. - The discovery that quinine could be used to
prevent malaria allowed Europeans to enter Africa
in large numbers for the first time. - The invention of the breech loader, smokeless
powder, and the machine gun widened the gap in
the use of firearms and made colonial conquests
easier than ever before.
5Imperialism and the Industrial Revolution
- The Industrial revolution brought about a greater
need for raw materials. - As a result many European countries began to seek
raw materials from the continents of Asia,
Africa, and South America. - While seeking out these raw materials the
Europeans established their rule on these
continents expanding an empire. - Colonialism!
- Western imperialism was not new.
- Europeans had been influencing or conquering
parts of the world since the 1400s. - Columbus
- Spanish
- U.S. grew from coast to coast during 1700s.
6Imperialism
- Imperialism
- Process through which a state attempts to control
the economic, political, and/or cultural makeup
of another state. - Colonialism
- The most developed form of Imperialism whereby
the controlling state invades another
state/region so as to exploit its resources
and/or for the purposes of large-scale
production. - Between 1815-1914 the West (Europe and America)
increased their control of the worlds land mass
from 35-85!
7New Imperialism
- In the 1870s, Europeans colonized Asia and Africa
by using military force to take control of local
governments. - Exploited local economies for the raw materials
required by Europes growing industry. - Imposing Western values to benefit the
backwards colonies.
8European motives for colonization
- Industrial Revolution.
- Sources of raw materials.
- Markets for finished goods.
- European Racism.
- White Mans Burden
- Social Darwinism.
- European Nationalism.
- Missionary Activities.
- Military and Naval Bases.
- Places to dump unwanted or excess population.
- Social and Economic Opportunities.
- Humanitarian Reasons.
9Causes of Imperialism
10Economic
- Industrialization gave the West the ability to
conquer other parts of the world. - As well as more reasons to do so.
- Large-scale industrial production made Western
factories demand more raw materials. - This could be seized from less powerful nations.
- Western nations needed markets for the goods
produced. - Colonies would serve as potential markets.
- Immense wealth allowed the Western world to
conquer far-off places.
11military
- Industrialization provided new weaponry for the
armies and navies of the West - Ocean-going fleets.
- Modern rifles and rapid-fire artillery.
- Native populations rarely resisted Western
military forces. - Growing need of Western nations to maintain bases
and coal/oil stations around the world for naval
and civilian fleets. - Ships required repairs and refueling stations at
strategic locations globally.
12Social
- Europes rapid population growth during the
1800s played a role in prompting imperial
activity. - Immigration to the Americas was an outlet.
- Millions came to the Americas.
- Another outlet was to leave home for colonial
life. - Ambitious or desperate families
- attempted to make their fortunes this way.
13Science and Technology
- Instrumental in allowing the West to conquer and
colonize. - Knowledge was power.
- Advances in transportation, communication, and
warfare brought by the Industrial Revolution
enabled Western nations to build empires. - New wave of exploration allowed for better
knowledge of the geography of the world. - Medical advances
- Made possible for Europeans and Americans to
press into tropical regions. - Quinine helped relieve symptoms of malaria
yellow fever.
14Cultural
- Sense of racial superiority was widespread among
Westerners. - Created a sense that Western nations were
entitled to conquer colonize areas that
appeared backwards or primitive. - Cecil Rhodes, British imperialist, I contend
that we are the finest race in the world, and the
more of it we inhabit, the better.
15Cultural
- In some cases, the belief was justified in
crude and prejudiced ways. - In other ways, the theory of social Darwinism was
used to argue in favor of imperialism. - Misguided application of survival of the
fittest and natural selection. - People who were technologically and culturally
advanced were permitted to conquer those who were
less.
16Cultural
- Social Darwinism.
- West had a sense of racial superiority Darwins
theory of natural selection and survival of
the fittest applied to the human societies. - Destruction and conquest of weaker races was
natures way of improving the species.
17Cultural
- Genuine conviction that it was the duty of white
Westerners to teach and modernize the
darker-skinned, supposedly primitive peoples,
of Africa and Asia. - English poet Rudyard Kipling, White Mans
Burden. - Attitude was well-meaning and heartfelt, but also
condescending. - European and American missionaries, doctors, and
scientists, and colonial officials sometimes did
good in the places they visited. - They did so out of a subconscious sense of racial
superiority, and often trampled on the beliefs
and ideas of the natives. - Interesting fact, he also wrote The Jungle Book.
18Migration and advantages
19European Migration
- Between 1815 and 1932 more than 60 million people
left Europe. - Migrants went primarily to European-inhabited
areas - North and South America
- Australia
- New Zealand
- Siberia
- European migration provided further incentive for
Western expansion. - Most were poor from rural areas, but not from the
poorest classes. - Due to oppressive land policies.
20Western advantages
- Strong economies.
- Well-organized governments.
- Powerful armed forces.
- Superior technology and medicine.
- Maxim gun.
- Quinine.
21Forms of Imperial control
22Political
- Usually in the form of a colony.
- Governors and soldiers sent to control the
people. - Direct Rule
- The actual administration of government by
representatives of the imperial power, usually
supported by military and civilian services. - French tried direct rule.
- Indirect Rule
- Ruling through cooperation with a native ruler or
rulers who profit from the relationship. - British used indirect rule.
- Example was the Raj in India.
23economic
- Domination of the economy and trade of the weaker
nation. - In fact, this also affects political decisions
and, therefore, sovereignty. - In the 20th century would come to be known as
neo-colonialism.
24Protectorate
- A stronger nation protects a weaker nation from
others. - It still has great influence over the affairs of
the protected nation - Supposed to listen to advice of mother country.
- Local rulers left in place.
- Costs less to run than a colony.
25Sphere of influence
- An area over which a powerful nation claims a
vital interest and, in reality, claims the
right to exert dominance. - An outside power claimed economic (trading)
privileges. - China was the best example.
26How imperialists changed local society
27IMPERIALISTS USUALLY
- Substituted the local government system, legal
system, and education system with their own. - Substituted local economic practices with their
own. - Example include land ownership and trade.
- Substituted local cultural practices.
- Examples include language, dress, and social
customs - Video clip from the movie The Rabbit Proof Fence.
- Showing the efforts to change the culture of the
Aborigines in Australia. - Sometimes brutally, sometimes using a sympathetic
local groups.
28Land controlled by Other imperialistsbesides
the British
29The French
- French Indochina.
- Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam
- French Africa
- Islands in the Caribbean.
- Tahiti.
30The Russians
- Siberia.
- Spheres of influence in Manchuria Korea.
31The united states
- Guam
- Philipines
- Cuba
- Puerto Rico
- Hawaii
- Samoa other Pacific Islands
32The japanesse
- Taiwan
- Sphere of influence in Korea Manchuria.
33Impact of imperialism
34Percentage of European possessions
- European countries and their possessions as a
percentage of the world land mass. - 1800 55
- 1878 67
- 1914 84
- WOWthis looks like it would be a great concept
for a map assignment! ?
35THE WORLD ECONOMYAND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
36EXPANSION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY
- The industrial revolution greatly expanded the
demand for spices, silk, agricultural goods, and
raw materials in the industrialized countries. - The growing need for these products could not be
met by traditional methods of production and
transportation. - The imperialists brought their colonies into the
mainstream of the world market and introduced new
technologies. - The greatest change was in transportation.
- Canals, steamships, harbor improvements, and
railroads cut travel time and lowered freight
costs.
37TRANSFORMATION OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
- The economic changes brought by Europeans and
Americans altered environments around the world. - Forests were cleared for tea plantations.
- Plant species were identified and classified.
- Commercially valuable plants were transported
from one tropical region to another.
38TRANSFORMATION OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
- The expansion of permanent agriculture and the
increased use of irrigation and water control led
to increased agricultural production in both
well-watered and dry areas of the tropics. - Agricultural development supported larger
populations, but it also put more pressure on the
land.
39TRANSFORMATION OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
- Railroads consumed vast amounts of land, timber,
iron, and coal while opening up previously remote
land to development. - The demand for gold, iron, and other minerals
fueled a mining boom that brought toxic run-off
from open mines and from slag heaps.
40The positive and negative legacy of imperialism
41Positive the benefits
- Infrastructure development.
- Ports, roads, railroads, etc.
- Advantages of European institutions.
- Schools, hospitals, legal systems, etc.
- Economic development of resources.
42negative the disadvantages
- Exploitation of native populations for cheap
labor. - Resources were exported to the advantage of
Europe. - Some depleted.
- Dependency on economic systems.
- Later, no preparation for independence.
- Devaluation of traditional cultures.
- Long term legacy of poverty in the world economic
system. - Led to independence movements after WWII.
- Some peaceful and some violent.