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Llez
4
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Tiktaalik ???,??????? ??,???????????? ????????????
??? ??????,???????? ????????????
??? !
????????????? ????,???????? ??????????,??
Dave souza
?? ?????????? !
5
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Earth is old.
??????????
6
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the 48-inch (1.2-meter)
Wilhelm Friedrich Herschel (1738-1822)
?? ??? ??clusters nebulae Solar
Motion
The Universe is Much Bigger than once thought !
7
?? Milky Way
???
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Solar Motion
NASA
http//www.flickr.com/photos/19143548_at_N00/16677534
42/
2MASS/UMass/IPAC-Caltech/NASA/NSF
?????
8
?? ? ?? (???)
Andromeda Nebula ??????
1920?? Mt. Wilson ???
JPott
2.5m ???
? ??????? ? ????
The Universe is Much Bigger than Herschel thought
!
Big Bang???
Erwin Hubble
??
Georges Lemaître
Xamad
9
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2.7 K
?? ?? ????
Earth is old.
?? ?? ?? ??
140??
46??
?? ? ??/?? ? ??? ? ??
?????
??????? ? ?? (??) ??????
10
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?10???????????
???????
11
??????
???(?)
??? 35 ???
YolanC
?? ?
?? stromatolites (??) ???????????
NEON ja
????????????
? ???????????
? ? ??????? ? ????? ? ????????????
12
???????

1. ????? self-replicate
2. ????? variation
3. ????? heritable

http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FileRNA-compare
dto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.png
RNA ?? (??)
DNA
RNA

• RNA ????
• ??????,????????,
• ?????? RNA ????
• ? RNA (???????) ????
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• ????????????

RNA (????) ?DNA???? ??????? ??????? RNA????? ?????
?? ??????? ??????
Joanjoc
????????????? ????????? ???????????,
?????????????????? ? ? ????? ? ?????
????????
13
????
?????????
14
? 20? ???? ???????
???????? (Naturalist)
??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??,????
???????
19????????????? ??? ? ???????????
??????????? ? ?????????? e.g. ?????
Erasmus
??? (Wallace)
??????? ??????
1859
?
?????????
??????
Archaeopteryx
540-635 Myr ? ????????????
10???????????? ? ?????????????????
540 Myr ? ? ??????? 360-380 Myr
???????????,?Tiktaalik 330 Myr
????????????? 230 Myr ????? (reptile)
????? 155 Myr ??? (Archaeopteryx) ?
????????? 110 Myr ??????? ? ??????????
?????? (?????armadillo????) ?????
Stilfehler
??????????(2006)
Hai-lu You, et al. Science 312, 1640 (2006)
15
?????
?????????
16
? ???????????? ? ????? ? ????????????,???? ?
??????? (??),
??
????????? ????????? ????,???? ????????
Christopher Chan
Orangutan
??
6-7 Myr
??,??????????? ??,???????fishapod
???????????????????
????, ????? ?????
40 Myr ???? ???????
thebuffafamily
Ex ????????????????? ?? ??????
17
Tiktaalik
????
????? (????)
Homology
Ulna
?
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?
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?
????? ? ????? ???????????????? ?
18
????
?????
Analogy
StormyDog
The Pug Father
???????,?????????????????? ?????????????????????5?
??? ????????????????????????
? ??????????????????? ????,
????????????????????????
19
202 10460
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???
3/29 ?
1. ?? Tiktaalik ??????????????? 2. ??? Tiktaalik
?????????????? 3. ????????????????? ???????? 4.
????????????????????? 5. ???????????????????,????
6. ?????????????,????????,??????????? 7.
???????2009?????????? Ardi ???????? Lucy?
???? 8. ??DigiMorph?????????CT??,????????????? 9.
??????????????????????????????????
20
????
????????
21
?????????? !
???????????,??????? ??????? (niche)? ????????,????
????? ??????????
?? Laboulbeniaceae ?? ??????????? ??????
Aphaenops cronei ?(?)???? ...
? genus (pl. genera)
?
?
Drosophila carcinophila ?? ??????????? ??????
Geocarcinus ruricola ???????? ????? ...
Evolution in Hawaii A Supplement to Teaching
About Evolution and the Nature of Science.
??????Drosophila ?????Scaptomyza ?????500???
,????1/4 ! ??? ?????????????
D. endobranchia
???? ?
Hampton L. Carson , PNAS 71, 3517 (1974)
22
Oahu
Maui
??? ??
Hawaii
??
Plate Tectonics ????
???????????????????????????? (? 1200-1600 ?)
??????,??????????????????????????? ????,???DNA??,?
?????? Drosophila ?Scaptomyza ???,????????????????
?????
???????????
? hot ?spot
Ex ?????????????????????
http//geo.web.ru/Lectures/Plechov/lecture-1/lecti
on9.htm
23
?????????? ...
???? ??????? ??????? ???
? ??????????????????? ??????? (Speciation)
? ??????????,????? ? ???????????????????
????,?????????????? ???????? ? ???
(???????????) ???? ?????????,????????? ???
???????? ???????, ???????? ?,?????? ?(niche)?????
Plate Tectonics again ????????????
? ??????? ( 3 Myr) ????????????????? ?
Great American Interchange e.g.
???????????? ?? ?? (Armadillo)???
(porcupine)?
??(opossum) ??
???
Armadillo ??? Small State Mammal
Mizunoryu
???
???????
Tomfriedel
GO Photo2010
24
?????
DNA ?????
25
????
????19 ?????????????????? ? ???????????????????
?, ???????????????????? ?(???)
????????, DNA???????? ? ????, ???????? ?
????, ???????? ? DNA ?????????,?????????
e.g. inversion
???? (Picture-winged Drosophilids)
????????????????,??? ????????????????????
????????????
19 15 3 1
??? DNA???? ?,???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????,
? ??????
???????????? ??polytene ???,??? ?????????????
??? ???????????? ???26 ????????? ????????,????
????19 ???????
??? (inversion) ?
polytene (??) ???
????? 26 ???????19 ????
Carson (1983) Genetics 103 465482
inversion
JSF Barker, Heredity (2009) 102, 389401
26
???????????? ? DNA ??????
??? ???
?? lemur ? marmoset ?? baboon ???
???
??? DNA ???
Aaron Logan
derekkeats
swh
ej
jemsweb
????
?????
??? ??? ?? ? ??
?? ? ??
??? ??? ??? ???
Science, Evolution and Creationism
N.B. ??????????????,?????????????
? ???????
27
????? ????? ??? leptin (?????)?
DNA,250???????????
???
?? ???
?? ???
C Cytosine ??? G Guanine ???? T
Thymine ???? A Adenine ???
???
???
?? ???
?
????????? (??) ???,?????
?? ???
???
???????????,????DNA??????
N.B. ???? ? Genome (? ??) ??DNA ?????? ????CGTA ??
?????
?? ???
???
28
??????????????????
? ????????????,????? (regulatory proteins)
?????? ??????????????????DNA???,??????RNA?
????????????,??????????????????,?
??????????????????????
Hox ??
???????????
Pearson et al. (2005) Nature Reviews
Genetics 6, 893-904
????
????
????????????DNA, ???????? Hox ???
??????????39?Hox ? ?????Hox ????????? ??,????Hox
??????? ??????????? Hox ????????
(????? ?????) ??????????? ?,?????????????? ?????,?
????????? ?Hox ??,?????????? ????????Hox ???????
?????? Hox ???????
Hox ???????????????? (expression)
????????????? ??????Tiktaalik ???,????? ??????????
?
Ex ???????????????????,????
29
? ??????,???????????????????????,
????????????? ? DNA ?????????????????????????
(??? ?) ????,?????,????!
?????????
?????? 40 M yr ?? Dorudon ??,???? ??????????? ????
??????? ??,???????? ??????????? ?????
ellenm1
?????????????,????????????????????
????????????????,???5?????,???????????????????????
????????????????????
??????? DNA ?? ?????,?????? ???????????? ?????
??????? ????????,??? ????????????
????? (artiodactyl,?????????????) ????
Pig
Red Deer
Camel
Ex ?????????????,??? ?????,???????????
30
??????
????????
31
120
Laetoli (???????) ?? 350???????
??????? 350 ??? ???????????????????????????????,?
??1978??????????
????? K-Ar ??
ER 1808
Lucy
4.1-1.8 Myr
Hawks et al. (2000)Mol Biol Evol 17  2-22.
32
??,??? ???
bonobo ????
???
20?? ?? ? ??
Homo sapiens ???
?????
 Kjunstorm
????
30-3?? ??
????
?????
Lillyundfreya
1.8 Myr,?? ? ??
2.3 Myr,??
?????
????50 (?? 2.6 Myr)
????
Lillyundfreya
4.1 Myr,?????
???????
????,??? ???
6-7 Myr,?? (DNA ??)
Ex ???????2009???????? Ardi ????????
Lucy ?????
33
? ? ? ? ?
34
?? ???? ??/??
Science, Evolution and Creationism. The National Academies Press, 2008 http//www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id11876 2010.11.19 visited
Llez http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FileSuricata_suricatta_02_.JPG 2010.11.19 visited
The National Academies Press???????http//www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id11876page3,????2012/07/10? ???????46?52?65??????
Dave souza http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FileFishapods.png 2010.11.19 visited
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?? ???? ??/??
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orrzz http//www.flickr.com/photos/19143548_at_N00/1667753442/ 2010.11.19 visited
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?? ???? ??/??
Atlas Image courtesy of 2MASS/UMass/IPAC-Caltech/NASA/NSF http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FileMilky_Way_infrared.jpg 2010.11.19 visited
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?? ???? ??/??
NASA http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FileJohn-C-Mather_crop.jpg 2010.11.19 visted
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YolanC http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FileStromatolites_in_Sharkbay.jpg 2010.11.19 visited
NEON ja http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FileOscillatoria_sp.jpg 2010.11.19 visited
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?? ???? ??/??
Joanjoc http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FileRNA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.png 2010.11.19 visited
Stilfehler http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FileArchaeopteryx_American_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg 2010.11.19 visited
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thebuffafamily http//www.flickr.com/photos/thebuffafamily/902659773/ 2010.11.19 visited
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?? ???? ??/??
Science, Evolution and Creationism. The National Academies Press, 2008 http//www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id11876
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StormyDog http//www.flickr.com/photos/the-lees/134610871/ 2010.11.19 visited
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?? ????
Hampton L Carson (1974)Three Flies and Three Islands Parallel Evolution in Drosophila. PNAS 74,3517 http//www.pnas.org/content/71/9/3517.full.pdf
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NASA http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FileAmericas_satellite_map.jpg 2010.11.19 visited
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41
?? ????
GO Photo2010 http//www.flickr.com/photos/47421998_at_N08/4359505939/ 2010.11.19 visited
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42
?? ????
swh http//www.flickr.com/photos/steveharris/245768652/ 2010.11.19 visited
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Derekkeats http//www.flickr.com/photos/dkeats/3539399471/ 2010.11.19 visited
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Quadell http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FileLightmatter_chimp.jpg 2010.11.19 visited
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?? ????
Science, Evolution and Creationism. The National Academies Press, 2008 http//www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id11876
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?? ????
J Hawks et. al. (2000) Population Bottlenecks and Pleistocene Human Evolution. Mol Biol Evol 17 2-22 http//mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/1/2.full?sid0eba9943-afd2-4792-a56c-8e27ecb31b18
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?? ????
Locutus Borg http//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FileNeanderthaler_Fund.png 2010.11.19 visited
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