PERMIT-REQUIRED

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PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE 29 CFR 1910.146
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Terminal Learning Objective (TLO)

• Action Identify the scope and application of
  29 CFR 1910.146 Permit-Required Confined Space
• Condition Given classroom instruction
• Standard In accordance with
• (IAW 29) CFR 1910.146

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Enabling Learning Objectives (ELOs)

• 1. Identify a Permit-Required Confined Space
  (PRCS)
• 2. Identify employer and contractor
  responsibilities
• 3. Identify permit-required confined space
  program requirements
• Identify the different types of confined space
  permits

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Enabling Learning Objectives (ELOs)

• 5. Identify personnel requirements for permit
  space entries
• 6. Identify the procedures for a permit space
  entry
• 7. Identify confined space hazards and hazard
  control methods
• Identify atmospheric testing procedures
• Identify ventilation procedures
• Operate safely in a confined space

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29 CFR 1910.146 Permit-Required Confined Space
Scope and Application

• Contains requirements for safe practices and
  procedures to protect employees in general
  industry from the hazards of entry into
  Permit- Required Confined Spaces (PRCS)

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A Confined Space is defined as

• Large enough and so configured
• that an employee can bodily enter to perform
  assigned work and
• Limited or restricted in its means
• of entry and exit and
• Not designed for continuous
• employee occupancy

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Permit-Required Confined Space is a Confined
Space that

• Contains or has the potential to
• contain a hazardous atmosphere
• Oxygen Deficiency, Toxic Gases, Flammable Gases

• Contains a material that has the
• potential for engulfing the entrant
• Solid or Liquid

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• Has an internal configuration such
• that an entrant could be trapped or
• asphyxiated by inwardly converging
• walls or by floors which slope down
• and taper to a small cross-section
• Silo, Hopper, Shafts

• Contains any other recognized serious
• safety or health hazard
• Biological Hazards Snakes, Spiders, or Machinery

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PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE AREAS
TANKS VESSELS REACTORS MANHOLES VATS
BOILERS SILOS HOPPERS BINS VAULTS
TUNNELS PIPES PITS TANK TRUCKS TANK CARS
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EMPLOYERS SHALL
Identify - Locate Permit-Required Confined Spaces
Inform employees by posting signs, training or
other effective methods
Prevent entry by unauthorized persons
Develop a written plan - If employees are to
enter
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CHECK ON LEARNING
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What does 29 CFR 1910.146 apply to ?
Permit-Required Confined Space
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What is the scope and application of
29 CFR 1910.146?
Contains requirements for safe practices and
procedures to protect employees in general
industry from the hazards of entry into
Permit-Required Confined Spaces (PRCS)
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HOST EMPLOYER
Arranges for contractor to perform work
involving confined space entry
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HOST EMPLOYER WILL INFORM THE CONTRACTOR OF
Permit-Required Confined Spaces in the workplace
Permit-Required entry procedures
Confined space hazards
Precautions and procedures
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HOST EMPLOYER SHALL
Coordinate entry operation with the contractor
Debrief contractor
Host employer remains responsible for contractor
if contractor is untrained or has no Confined
Space Entry/Rescue capability
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CONTRACTOR SHALL
Obtain information on confined spaces from host
Coordinate entry operations with host
Inform host of entry procedures contractor will
follow
Debrief Host
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THE HEART OF 1910.146
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PRCS PROGRAM MUST ADDRESS

• Implementation of measures to
• prevent unauthorized entry.

2. Identify/evaluate Permit-Required Confined
Space hazards prior to employee entry.
3. Development/implementation of
procedures/practices for safe Permit-Required
Confined Space entry
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PRCS PROGRAM MUST ADDRESS
4. Provision of equipment at no cost to
employees.
5. Permit-Required Confined Space evaluation
before during entry.
6. Provision of at least one attendant outside
Permit-Required Confined Space during entry
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PRCS PROGRAM MUST ADDRESS
7. System or methods that enable attendant to
respond to emergencies.
8. Designation of roles duties and required
training.
9. Development and implementation of system for
preparation, issuance, use and cancellation of
permit.
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PRCS PROGRAM MUST ADDRESS
10. Method(s) for summoning rescue emergency
services
11. Development/implementation of procedures to
coordinate activity near the Permit-Required
Confined Space
12. Procedures for concluding entry and
securing the Permit-Required Confined Space
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PRCS PROGRAM MUST ADDRESS
13. Review of PRCS program if deficiencies are
suspected.
14. Annual review revision of Permit-Required
Confined Space program using canceled permits.
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ENTRY PERMIT WILL IDENTIFY

• Permit Space to be entered
• Purpose Of The Entry
• Date Duration Of The Entry
• 4. Identity Of Authorized Entrants By
• Name or
• Roster or
• Tracking System

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ENTRY PERMIT WILL IDENTIFY
5. Names of the attendants 6. Name of current
entry supervisor and signature of original entry
supervisor 7. Permit-Required Confined Space
hazards 8. Hazard mitigation methods
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ENTRY PERMIT WILL IDENTIFY
9. Acceptable entry conditions 10. Results of
initial and periodic monitoring Monitors
Name Time Of Test 11. Rescue and emergency
services to summon How To Call
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ENTRY PERMIT WILL IDENTIFY
12. Communications systems and procedures 13.
Equipment for entry 14. Any other information
needed to ensure employee safety
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ENTRY PERMIT WILL IDENTIFY
15. Additional permits as needed
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CHECK ON LEARNING
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The entry permit will identify authorized
entrants by what means?
Name or Roster or Tracking System
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What type of other permits will the entry permit
identify?
Hot Work Permit Line Breaking Permit
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1910.146 LISTS FOUR SPECIFIC POSITIONS
Entrant Attendant Entry Supervisor Rescue
Service or Team
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ENTRANT
AUTHORIZED BY EMPLOYER TO ENTER PRCS

• Know Permit-Required Confined
• Space hazards
• 2. Properly use necessary equipment
• 3. Communicate with attendant
• 4. Alert the attendant
• 5. Exit Permit-Required Confined
• Space as required

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ATTENDANT
Individual stationed outside a Permit-Required
Confined Space to monitor entrants and perform
duties assigned by the employer
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ATTENDANT DUTIES

• Know Permit-Required Confined
• Space hazards
• Know the effects of hazard exposure
• Maintain accountability of entrants
• Remain outside Permit-Required
• Confined Space for duration of entry

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ATTENDANT DUTIES

• Maintain visual or voice contact
• with entrant
• Monitors inside and outside of
• Permit-Required Confined Space
• Orders Permit-Required Confined
• Space evacuation

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ATTENDANT DUTIES

• Summons rescue
• Prevents unauthorized entry
• Performs non-entry rescue

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ATTENDANT EMERGENCY ACTIONS
2. ATTEMPT NON-ENTRY RESCUE
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ENTRY SUPERVISOR
1. Responsible for determining if acceptable
entry conditions are present in
Permit-Required Confined Space. 2. Authorizes
and oversees entry operations. 3. Terminates
entry.
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ENTRY SUPERVISOR DUTIES
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ENTRY SUPERVISOR DUTIES
4. Verifies Rescue Is Available 5. Removes
Unauthorized Entrants 6. As PRCS Entry Is
Transferred Assures Operations Is Consistent
With Permit
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CHECK ON LEARNING
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What are the ATTENDANTs EMERGENCY ACTIONS?
1. CALL FOR HELP 2. ATTEMPT NON-ENTRY RESCUE
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RECOGNITION OF CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS

• Processes conducted in the space.
• Chemicals used or stored in the space.
• Processes or chemicals in the area.
• Past use of the space
• Information from records and reports
• Hazards produced by work in
• the space

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DETERMINE HAZARDS
PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE EXPERIENCE
PHYSICAL OBSERVATION
BY TESTING MONITORING
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GENERAL CLASSES OF HAZARDS
ENGULFMENT
MECHANICAL
ATMOSPHERIC
WHICH CLASS OF HAZARD CAUSES MORE CONFINED SPACE
ENTRY EMERGENCIES?
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PRIMARY ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS
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OTHER SAFETY HAZARDS
EXCESSIVE HEAT / COLD
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
STAGNANT AIR
OBSTRUCTIONS
INSECURE FOOTING
POOR COMMUNICATIONS
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ASSESS FOR ALL HAZARDS

• ELECTRICAL
• MACHINERY
• HYDRAULIC
• PNEUMATIC
• GRAVITY

ANY OTHER IDENTIFIABLE HAZARDS!
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TO DETERMINE SPECIFIC HAZARDS
1. Material stored in the Permit- Required
Confined Space?
2. Activity performed in Permit- Required
Confined Space ?
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HAZARD CONTROL
1. First eliminate all hazards around the
opening of the Permit-Required Confined
Space 2. Place barriers, signs, etc... 3.
Pre-entry monitoring
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HAZARD CONTROL
4. Ventilate 5. Any atmospheric change
Evacuate entrants immediately Evaluate the
cause Eliminate hazard prior to re-entry
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PRCS ISOLATION
ISOLATE ALL FORMS OF ENERGY
Electrical
Engulfment
Gravity
Pneumatic
Hydraulic
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HAZARD ASSESSMENT FACTORS

• Proper Equipment Techniques
• Equipment calibrated by competent
• personnel
• Assess all involved areas
• Record all readings and time taken
• Compare readings with permissible
• levels

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REMEMBER!
MOST CONFINED SPACE ACCIDENTS ARE CAUSED BY
FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE THE HAZARDS!
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CHECK ON LEARNING
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What are the primary atmospheric hazards?
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ATMOSPHERIC TESTING

• Required for two distinct purposes
• Evaluation of the hazards
• Verification of acceptable entry conditions

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ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Evaluation testing Atmosphere should be
analyzed using equipment of sufficient
sensitivity and specificity to identify and
evaluate any hazardous atmospheres that may exist
or arise, so that appropriate permit entry
procedures can be developed
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ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Verification testing Atmosphere of a permit
space which may contain a hazard should be tested
for residues of all contaminants identified by
evaluation testing using permit specified
equipment to determine that residual
concentrations are acceptable
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ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Duration of testing Test for each atmospheric
hazard identified for at least the minimum
response time of the test instrument specified by
the manufacturer
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ATMOSPHERIC TESTING
Testing stratified atmospheres The atmospheric
envelope should be tested a distance of
approximately 4 feet in the direction of travel
and to each side Entrants rate of progress
should be slow enough to allow the detector to
respond
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MONITORING BASICS

• Monitor capable of detecting hazards
• Determine presence and concentrations
• of contaminant
• Is mitigation effective?

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REAL TIME DATA DETERMINES

• If the space is clear of hazardous
• atmospheres
• Level of PPE required
• Are biological actions a possibility
• Location-origin of hazards
• If evacuation of the space required

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Instrument Selection Criteria
Portability Sensitivity Response
Time Selectivity Lower Detection
Limit Relative Response Calibration Inherent
safety

• Ease Of Field Maintenance
• Operations While Wearing PPE
• Length Of Warm Up Time
• Types Of Device Alarms
• Alarm Lock-In

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INSTRUMENT SELECTED MUST BE CAPABLE OF DETECTING
THE CONTAMINANTS
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CHECK ON LEARNING
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What is the purpose of atmospheric testing?

• Required for two distinct purposes
• Evaluation of the hazards
• Verification of acceptable entry conditions

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Confined Spaces Must Be Monitored Prior To Entry

• All levels areas of PRCS

• Prior to for duration of entry

• To be done by qualified person

• With device capable of detecting the hazard

• With calibrated instrument

• Keep records

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Confined Spaces Must Be Monitored Prior To Entry
IN THIS ORDER
OXYGEN Deficiency or Enrichment
FLAMMABLES Gases, Vapors, Dust
TOXICS Many Forms, Multiple-Hazards Permissible
Levels Differ Chemical To Chemical
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OXYGEN 20.9 NORMAL
19.5 Deficient
23.5 Enriched
Respiratory Protection
Fire
Consumption or Displacement
Explosion
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How Does Oxygen Level Effect Flammable Readings?
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FLASHPOINT
Temperature at which a flammable liquid gives off
enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture.
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LEL Lower Explosive Limit
Minimum concentration of a combustible gas or
vapor in the air which will ignite if a source
of ignition is present.
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UEL Upper Explosive Limit
Most, but not all, combustible gases have an
upper explosive limit
Maximum concentration in air which will support
combustion Concentration which are above the
UEL are too rich to burn
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FLAMMABILITY RANGE
The range between the LEL and the UEL of a
combustible vapor or liquid
Concentration within the flammable range will
burn or explode if a source of ignition is
present
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TOXIC GAS SOURCES

• Bacterial Actions
• Chemical Stored, Produced, Used, Or Spilled
• Work Performed In Space
• Results Of Work, Spills, Storage In
• Adjacent Areas

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TOXIC ATMOSPHERES
Gases, Dust, Mist, or Vapors present in
concentrations which exceed PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE
LIMIT (OSHA PEL) OR THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE (NIOSH
TLV)
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TOXIC ATMOSPHERE MONITORING
Performed To Determine
HEALTH RISKS
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
WORK ZONES SAFETY PLANS
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STRATIFIED ATMOSPHERES
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CHECK ON LEARNING
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TO DEAL SAFELY WITH CONFINED SPACES
Properly Assess Hazards Complete Follow A
Valid Entry Permit Follow Proper Preparation
Steps Have Proper Equipment On-Site
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What Contributes To Confined Space Fatalities
Atmosphere was not tested No one was notified of
the entry PRCS was not isolated
(lock-out/tag-out, etc) No attendant was posted
at the entry site Personnel panicked during the
emergency did not follow proper emergency
procedures
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VENTILATE PRIOR TO ENTRY
EVEN IF ALL TEST ARE WITHIN ALLOWABLE LIMITS,
VENTILATE THE PRCS PRIOR TO DURING THE ENTRY!
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VENTILATION TIME DEPENDENT UPON
EFFECTIVE BLOWER CAPACITY
VOLUME (size) OF THE PRCS
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VENTILATION
SAFETY TIPS
Know the VAPOR DENSITY DO NOT use Gas Engine
Driven FANS they will add CO into a CONFINED
SPACE DO NOT place the GENERATOR near the FAN
INTAKE, run an extension cord.
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BLOWER OPERATION RULES

• Avoid unnecessary bends in hoses
• 2. Inspect before, during and after
• each use
• 3. Maintain operate to manufacturers
• specifications
• 4. Properly position blower.

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BLOWER OPERATION RULES
5. DO NOT use internal combustion powered
blowers 6. Ventilate before entry 7. Test
atmosphere after ventilation 8. Provide
continuous ventilation
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TYPES OF RESCUE
SELF
NON-ENTRY
ENTRY
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PRACTICAL EXERCISE
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PRACTICAL EXERCISE

• Take ALL commands from instructors
• Buddy System
• Full-body Harness
• Life/Safety Lines
• Tripod Operations

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PRACTICAL EXERCISE

• Hand and Arm Signals
• Maintain situational awareness
• Anyone can call a safety time-out
• Instructor positions
• during PE
• DO NOT RUSH!

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SUMMARY

• Terminal Learning Objective
• Enabling Learning Objectives
• Questions
• Conclusion