Methodologies, tools and languages for building ontologies. Where is their meeting point?

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Methodologies, tools and languages for building
ontologies. Where is their meeting point?

• Oscar Corcho
• Mariano Fernandez-Lopez
• Asuncion Gomez-Perez
• Presenter Yihong Ding

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Outline

• Ontology
• Ontological Engineering Methodologies
• Ontological Engineering Tools
• Ontological Engineering Languages
• Meeting Point

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Ontology a fashionable word in the last decade
Methodologies
Languages
Tools
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Ontology many definitions

• from Philosophy a systematic explanation of
  being
• Neches gives some guidelines defines the basic
  terms and relations compromising the vocabulary
  of a topic area as well as the rules for
  combining terms and relations to define
  extensions to the vocabulary.
• Gruber, the most quoted an explicit
  specification of a conceptualization
• Borst, slightly modifieda formal specification
  of a shared conceptualization
• Guarino a logical theory which gives an
  explicit, partial account of a conceptualization

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Ontology two types

• Lightweight ontologies
• Mainly taxonomies
• Include
• Concepts
• Concept taxonomies
• Relationships between concepts
• Properties that describe concepts
• Heavyweight ontologies
• Model the domain in a deeper way
• Provide more restrictions on domain semantics
• Include
• Everything for lightweight ontologies
• Axioms and constraints

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Outline

• Ontology
• Ontological Engineering Methodologies
• Ontological Engineering Tools
• Ontological Engineering Languages
• Meeting Point

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Methodologies for Ontology Building

• Ontology building
• Cyc
• Manual ? tool aided manual ? mainly performed by
  tools
• Uschold and King
• Identify the purpose, build, evaluate, document
• Gruniger and Fox
• Identify the main scenarios, identify the
  competency questions, extract relevant concepts
  and relations, formalize in FOL
• KACTUS
• Ontology built on the basis of an application KB,
  by abstraction
• SENSUS
• Extract ontologies by reusing huge ontologies

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Other methodologies

• CO4
• Ontology cooperative construction
• A protocol to reach consensus between several KBs
• Leaves
• user KB
• No consensual knowledge
• Intermediate nodes
• group KB
• Have knowledge consensuated among all its
  children and siblings
• Knowledge consensus is achieved by the exchange
  of message between users

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Other methodologies

• Ontology learning
• Ontology merging methodologies
• FCA-merge
• PROMPT
• ONIONS

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Outline

• Ontology
• Ontological Engineering Methodologies
• Ontological Engineering Tools
• Ontological Engineering Languages
• Meeting Point

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Types of Ontology Tools

• Ontology development tools
• Editors and browsers
• Graphical editors
• Translators
• Ontology library management
• Ontology documentation
• Ontology population
• Evaluation
• Evolution
• Merge and alignement tools
• Ontology-based annotation tools
• Querying tools and inference engines
• Ontology learning tools

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Some tools

• OilEd from University of Manchester
  http//oiled.man.ac.uk/
• Ontolingua from KSL (Stanford University)
• http//www-ksl.stanford.edu
• OntoSaurus from ISI (USA)
• http//www.isi .edu/isd/ontosaurus.html
• OntoEdit from Karlsrhue Univ. http//ontoserver.ai
  fb.unikarlsruhe.de/ontoedit/
• Protégé 2000 from SMI (Stanford University)
  http//protege.stanford.edu /
• WebOnto from KMI (Open University)
  http//kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/webonto/
• WebODE from UPM http//webode.dia.fi.upm.es/webODE
  /
• KAON from AIFB and FZI at the University of
  Karlsruhe http//kaon.semanticweb.org/
• SymOntoX from LEKS http//www.symontox.org/

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Tools for Ontological Engineering

• Ontolingua
• Ontology editor remote browse and edit
• OKBC (Open Knowledge Based Connectivity)
  protocol access to ontologies from remote or
  local applications
• Translation of ontologies into typical
  application environments
• Support for distributed, collaborative
  development of consensus ontologies
• Webster an equation solver
• Chimaera an ontology merging tool
• OntoSaurus
• Ontology Server
• Knowledge Representation Language based on
  DL LOOM
• Reasoning capabilities associated to LOOM
• Ontology SENSUS
• Ontology Browser dynamically creates HTML pages
• Edit the ontology
• Display the ontology content
• Translators from LOOM to Ontolingua, KIF, KRSS,
  and C

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Tools for Ontological Engineering

• WebOnto
• Ontology editor for OCML ontologies
• Support editing ontologies collaboratively
• Allow synchronous and asynchronous discussions
• Protégé2000
• Technology Java standalone application plug-in
  architecture
• Knowledge model features
• OKBC compliant classes and slots. Also
  metaclasses
• Axioms in KIF and PAL
• Knowledge acquisition forms automatically
  generated for capturing instances
• Merge tools protégéPrompt
• Imports RDF, DAMLOIL, XML
• Exports RDF, DAMLOIL, XML

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Tools for Ontological Engineering

• WebODE
• Technology Java workbench.
• Knowledge model features
• Support to Methontology OCML axioms in Prolog
• Imports RDF(S), OIL, DAMLOIL, FLogic, Prolog
• Exports RDF(S), DAMLOIL, OWL , FLogic, Prolog
• OntoEdit
• Technology Java standalone application
• Knowledge model features
• Support to OTK methodology
• Multilingual development of ontologies, Multiple
  inheritance
• Basic Axioms disjoint concepts, symmetric
  relations, transitive relations.
• Imports RDF, DAMLOIL, XML, FLogic
• Exports RDF, DAMLOIL, XML, FLogic
• Inference engine OntoBroker

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Tools for Ontological Engineering

• OILed
• Technology Java standalone application. Backends
  can be added easily.
• Knowledge model features
• SHIQ classes organized in class taxonomies,
  properties, property restrictions and
  individuals. Disjoint and exhaustive subclass
  decompositions.
• Imports RDF(S), OIL, DAMLOIL, SHIQ
• Exports RDF(S), DAMLOIL, OWL, SHIQ
• Inference engine FaCT, RACER
• DUET
• Technology A plug-in in the Rational Rose suite.
• Knowledge model features
• Core DAMLOIL concepts are mapped into UML
• Offer UML visualization
• Imports DAMLOIL
• Exports UML

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Other Tools

• Ontology merging
• Chimaera, Protégé-PROMPT
• Ontology translation between languages
• Ontomorph
• Ontology-based Web page annotation
• COHSE, OntoMat, SHOE Knowledge Annotator
• Ontology evaluation
• OntoAnalyser, ONE-T, ODEClean
• RDF query engine
• RDFSuite, Sesame, Inkling, Jena

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Outline

• Ontology
• Ontological Engineering Methodologies
• Ontological Engineering Tools
• Ontological Engineering Languages
• Meeting Point

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Ontology Implementation Languages

• KIF
• First-order logic
• Interchange format for diverse KR systems
• Ontolingua
• KIF frames
• Highly expressive
• Difficult in reasoning (no reasoning support)
• Loom
• Description logic
• Provide automatic classification of concepts
• No procedures w.r.t. Ontolingua

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Ontology Implementation Languages

• OCML
• Add to Ontolingua
• deductive and production rules
• Operational definitions for functions
• Develop executable ontologies
• FLogic (Frame Logic)
• Frame First-order logic
• Allow deductive rules but prohibit n-ary
  relations
• Do not use Lisp-like syntax
• Inference engine Ontobroker

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Web-based Ontology Languages

• XML
• SHOE
• Allow the insertion of ontologies in HTML
  documents
• RDF
• DAMLOIL
• OWL

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Outline

• Ontology
• Ontological Engineering Methodologies
• Ontological Engineering Tools
• Ontological Engineering Languages
• Meeting Point

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Meeting Point
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Proposed Workbench
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Conclusion

• Nowadays, many ontology tools support to generate
  ontologies in many different ontology languages.
• In general, there is no correspondence between
  ontology building methodologies and tools.
• Many tools, but they are not usually able to be
  interoperate.
• Ontology markup languages are still under
  development.