Title: Methodologies, tools and languages for building ontologies. Where is their meeting point?
1Methodologies, tools and languages for building
ontologies. Where is their meeting point?
- Oscar Corcho
- Mariano Fernandez-Lopez
- Asuncion Gomez-Perez
- Presenter Yihong Ding
2Outline
- Ontology
- Ontological Engineering Methodologies
- Ontological Engineering Tools
- Ontological Engineering Languages
- Meeting Point
3Ontology a fashionable word in the last decade
Methodologies
Languages
Tools
4Ontology many definitions
- from Philosophy a systematic explanation of
being - Neches gives some guidelines defines the basic
terms and relations compromising the vocabulary
of a topic area as well as the rules for
combining terms and relations to define
extensions to the vocabulary. - Gruber, the most quoted an explicit
specification of a conceptualization - Borst, slightly modifieda formal specification
of a shared conceptualization - Guarino a logical theory which gives an
explicit, partial account of a conceptualization
5Ontology two types
- Lightweight ontologies
- Mainly taxonomies
- Include
- Concepts
- Concept taxonomies
- Relationships between concepts
- Properties that describe concepts
- Heavyweight ontologies
- Model the domain in a deeper way
- Provide more restrictions on domain semantics
- Include
- Everything for lightweight ontologies
- Axioms and constraints
6Outline
- Ontology
- Ontological Engineering Methodologies
- Ontological Engineering Tools
- Ontological Engineering Languages
- Meeting Point
7Methodologies for Ontology Building
- Ontology building
- Cyc
- Manual ? tool aided manual ? mainly performed by
tools - Uschold and King
- Identify the purpose, build, evaluate, document
- Gruniger and Fox
- Identify the main scenarios, identify the
competency questions, extract relevant concepts
and relations, formalize in FOL - KACTUS
- Ontology built on the basis of an application KB,
by abstraction - SENSUS
- Extract ontologies by reusing huge ontologies
8Other methodologies
- CO4
- Ontology cooperative construction
- A protocol to reach consensus between several KBs
- Leaves
- user KB
- No consensual knowledge
- Intermediate nodes
- group KB
- Have knowledge consensuated among all its
children and siblings - Knowledge consensus is achieved by the exchange
of message between users
9Other methodologies
- Ontology learning
- Ontology merging methodologies
- FCA-merge
- PROMPT
- ONIONS
10Outline
- Ontology
- Ontological Engineering Methodologies
- Ontological Engineering Tools
- Ontological Engineering Languages
- Meeting Point
11Types of Ontology Tools
- Ontology development tools
- Editors and browsers
- Graphical editors
- Translators
- Ontology library management
- Ontology documentation
- Ontology population
- Evaluation
- Evolution
- Merge and alignement tools
- Ontology-based annotation tools
- Querying tools and inference engines
- Ontology learning tools
12Some tools
- OilEd from University of Manchester
http//oiled.man.ac.uk/ - Ontolingua from KSL (Stanford University)
- http//www-ksl.stanford.edu
- OntoSaurus from ISI (USA)
- http//www.isi .edu/isd/ontosaurus.html
- OntoEdit from Karlsrhue Univ. http//ontoserver.ai
fb.unikarlsruhe.de/ontoedit/ - Protégé 2000 from SMI (Stanford University)
http//protege.stanford.edu / - WebOnto from KMI (Open University)
http//kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/webonto/ - WebODE from UPM http//webode.dia.fi.upm.es/webODE
/ - KAON from AIFB and FZI at the University of
Karlsruhe http//kaon.semanticweb.org/ - SymOntoX from LEKS http//www.symontox.org/
13Tools for Ontological Engineering
- Ontolingua
- Ontology editor remote browse and edit
- OKBC (Open Knowledge Based Connectivity)
protocol access to ontologies from remote or
local applications - Translation of ontologies into typical
application environments - Support for distributed, collaborative
development of consensus ontologies - Webster an equation solver
- Chimaera an ontology merging tool
-
- OntoSaurus
- Ontology Server
- Knowledge Representation Language based on
DL LOOM - Reasoning capabilities associated to LOOM
- Ontology SENSUS
- Ontology Browser dynamically creates HTML pages
- Edit the ontology
- Display the ontology content
- Translators from LOOM to Ontolingua, KIF, KRSS,
and C
14Tools for Ontological Engineering
- WebOnto
- Ontology editor for OCML ontologies
- Support editing ontologies collaboratively
- Allow synchronous and asynchronous discussions
- Protégé2000
- Technology Java standalone application plug-in
architecture - Knowledge model features
- OKBC compliant classes and slots. Also
metaclasses - Axioms in KIF and PAL
- Knowledge acquisition forms automatically
generated for capturing instances - Merge tools protégéPrompt
- Imports RDF, DAMLOIL, XML
- Exports RDF, DAMLOIL, XML
15Tools for Ontological Engineering
- WebODE
- Technology Java workbench.
- Knowledge model features
- Support to Methontology OCML axioms in Prolog
- Imports RDF(S), OIL, DAMLOIL, FLogic, Prolog
- Exports RDF(S), DAMLOIL, OWL , FLogic, Prolog
- OntoEdit
- Technology Java standalone application
- Knowledge model features
- Support to OTK methodology
- Multilingual development of ontologies, Multiple
inheritance - Basic Axioms disjoint concepts, symmetric
relations, transitive relations. - Imports RDF, DAMLOIL, XML, FLogic
- Exports RDF, DAMLOIL, XML, FLogic
- Inference engine OntoBroker
16Tools for Ontological Engineering
- OILed
- Technology Java standalone application. Backends
can be added easily. - Knowledge model features
- SHIQ classes organized in class taxonomies,
properties, property restrictions and
individuals. Disjoint and exhaustive subclass
decompositions. - Imports RDF(S), OIL, DAMLOIL, SHIQ
- Exports RDF(S), DAMLOIL, OWL, SHIQ
- Inference engine FaCT, RACER
- DUET
- Technology A plug-in in the Rational Rose suite.
- Knowledge model features
- Core DAMLOIL concepts are mapped into UML
- Offer UML visualization
- Imports DAMLOIL
- Exports UML
17Other Tools
- Ontology merging
- Chimaera, Protégé-PROMPT
- Ontology translation between languages
- Ontomorph
- Ontology-based Web page annotation
- COHSE, OntoMat, SHOE Knowledge Annotator
- Ontology evaluation
- OntoAnalyser, ONE-T, ODEClean
- RDF query engine
- RDFSuite, Sesame, Inkling, Jena
18Outline
- Ontology
- Ontological Engineering Methodologies
- Ontological Engineering Tools
- Ontological Engineering Languages
- Meeting Point
19Ontology Implementation Languages
- KIF
- First-order logic
- Interchange format for diverse KR systems
- Ontolingua
- KIF frames
- Highly expressive
- Difficult in reasoning (no reasoning support)
- Loom
- Description logic
- Provide automatic classification of concepts
- No procedures w.r.t. Ontolingua
20Ontology Implementation Languages
- OCML
- Add to Ontolingua
- deductive and production rules
- Operational definitions for functions
- Develop executable ontologies
- FLogic (Frame Logic)
- Frame First-order logic
- Allow deductive rules but prohibit n-ary
relations - Do not use Lisp-like syntax
- Inference engine Ontobroker
21Web-based Ontology Languages
- XML
- SHOE
- Allow the insertion of ontologies in HTML
documents - RDF
- DAMLOIL
- OWL
22Outline
- Ontology
- Ontological Engineering Methodologies
- Ontological Engineering Tools
- Ontological Engineering Languages
- Meeting Point
23Meeting Point
24Proposed Workbench
25Conclusion
- Nowadays, many ontology tools support to generate
ontologies in many different ontology languages. - In general, there is no correspondence between
ontology building methodologies and tools. - Many tools, but they are not usually able to be
interoperate. - Ontology markup languages are still under
development.