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Title: ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??????


1
???????
  • ??? ??????????
  • ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???.
  • ?????? 500 ? 300 ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????
    (80 ???? ?? ??????? ????????)
  • ? ?? ???? 2? 1 ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???
    ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? (80 ???? ??? ??? ??? 5
    ???).

2
  • ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???
    ?????????? ? ?? ??? ? ????????? ????? ?? ???? ?
    ??????? (????????) ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????
    ????? ? ???? ? ???? (??????????) ???? ?? ??? ??
    ???? ?? ????.
  • ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ? ?? ???? ?????
    ???? ??? ?????? ?????.

3
???? ?????
4
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5
  • ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???
    (?????????) ?? ????? ?? ??? ? ???? 40? 10 ?????
    ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???.
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    ??????????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???.

6
  • ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ????
    ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??
    ???? ???? ???? ????? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??
    ????? .
  • ????? ???? ? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????.

7
  • ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????
    ???? ????? ? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????.
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    ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???.

8
  • ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????
    ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??
    ???? ??? ?????? ???.
  • ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????????
    ?????? ? ?????????? ?????????? 48 ???? ? ????
    ?????????? ??????? 72 ???? ???.

9
  • ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???
  • ?????????? ?? ?? ?????
  • ???????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??
    ?????? ?? ???.

10
  • ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????
    ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????
    ??????? ????? ????.
  • ????? ???? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ??
    ????????? ????? ?? ?????.
  • ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ?????
    ??????? ??

11
?????
  • ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??
    ????? ???? ???? ?? ????.
  • ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??
    ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????
    ?????????? ?? 10 ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????
    ???? ??? ???.

12
  • ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? 15 ????? ???? ?????
    ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? 5 ????? ?? ?????
    ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???.
  • ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???.

13
Types of Serological Assays Malaria
  • Antibody Detection
  • Indirect Fluorescent Antibody
  • Enzyme immunoassays
  • Antigen Detection
  • Immunochromatographic

14
Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC )
  • Useful for screening large numbers of samples
  • Quick, saves time
  • In the QBC technique, approximately, 50
    microlitres of whole blood was taken into a
    capillary tube coated with acridine orange and
    fitted with a cap.

15
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16
Malaria Antigen Detection
  • Immunologic assays to detect specific antigens
  • Commercial kits now available as
  • immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic tests
    (RDTs), used with blood
  • P. falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP-2)
  • parasite LDH (pLDH)

17
Malaria Antigen Detection
  • Immunologic assays to detect specific antigens
  • Commercial kits now available as
  • immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic tests
    (RDTs), used with blood
  • P. falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP-2)
  • parasite LDH (pLDH)

18
Detection of Plasmodium antigens pLDH (parasite
lactate dehydrogenase)
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
  • Molecular technique to identify parasite genetic
    material
  • Uses whole blood collected in anticoagulated tube
    (200 µl) or directly onto filter paper (5 µl)
  • 100 DNA is extracted
  • 10 blood volume used in PCR reaction

22
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
  • Threshold of detection
  • 0.1 parasite/µl if whole blood in tube
  • 2 parasites/µl if using filter paper
  • Definitive species-specific diagnosis now
    possible
  • Can identify mutations try to correlate to drug
    resistance
  • Parasitemia not quantifiable
  • May have use in epidemiologic studies
  • Requires specialized equipment, reagents, and
    training

23
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    ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????
    ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????
    4? ???????????? ?? ????.

24
  • ?? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????
    ?????????? ?????????? ? ?? ?? ????? ???????
    ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????
    ????? ???? ????.
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    ? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??
    8 ? ???????????? ?? ???? ???? ???
  • ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?
    ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????.

25
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    ????.
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    ?? ???.
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    ?? ???? ? ???????? ?? ?????.

26
?????? ??????
  • RI ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ? ????
    ?? ??? ? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????
    ????? ???? ?? ???.
  • RII ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????
    ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ?????? ???? ?????
    ???? ???.

27
  • ?? RIII? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ?? ?? ????? ?????
    ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????
    ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???.

28
??? ??? ?????
  • ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? 9? 2 ???? ? ?????
    ???? ???? ???.
  • ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? 9? 2 ????
    ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????????
    ???? ???.

29
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    ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????
    ??????? ?? ???.

30
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    ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??
    ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???.
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31
  • ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????
  • ?? ?? ???? 2 ?? 6 ??? ?? ? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?
    ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ??
    ???.
  • ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????.
  • ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????
    ???? ???? DDT(?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????)?
    ???????? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???.

32
  • ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??
    ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???
    ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????.
  • ??????? ?? ??? ???
  • ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??
    ?? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????
    ???? ???.

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