EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE IN COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS

1
EVIDENCE-BASEDPRACTICE IN COMMUNITYCORRECTIONS

• Were all on the to the Future

BRIDGE
2
EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE

• SOME DEFINITIONS
• Evidence Data from controlled studies
• Practice Decision, policies and procedures
• Recidivism New arrest

3
Goals for Today

• Learn about the research and find out What
  Works
• Learn about Risk, Needs Responsivity
• Learn about Stages of Change
• Learn about Motivational Interviewing
• Understand changes taking place in our nations
  criminal justice system

4
WHAT THE PUBLIC WANTS

• Citizens want
• punishment and treatment
• (Applegate, Cullen, Fisher (1997)
• 1700 Californians said
• Prevention 83
• More Prisons 13
• Dont know 5
• (Fairbank, Maslin, Maullin Assoc. 1998)

5
Directions in the Criminal Justice System

• Martinsons research
• nothing works (1974)
• Carleton University research of Bonta, Andrews,
  Gendreau what works (1994)
• Miller, Rollnick
• Motivational Interviewing
• (1991)

6
The Carleton University Research Showed Us . . .

• RECIDIVISM
• CAN
• BE
• REDUCED

7
What Correlates with Reduced Recidivism?

• Criminal Sanctions----------- -.07
• Intensive Supervision ------- -.07
• Inappropriate Treatment--- -.06
• Unspecified Treatment------ .13
• Appropriate Treatment------ .30

8
The Principles That Came From the What Works
Research

• RISK PRINCIPLE
• NEEDS PRINCIPLE
• RESPONSIVITY PRINCIPLE
• and
• professional discretion

9
Actuarial Assessmentsto IdentifyRisks and
Needs
10
RISK PRINCIPLE
1

• Match level of services to level of risk
• Higher Risk Offenders need MORE
• Lower Risk Offenders need LESS

11
Risk Level and Treatment Recidivism

• STUDY RISK LEVEL MINIMAL INTENSIVE
• ODonnell et at Low 16 22
• (1971) High 78 56
• --------------------------------------------------
  --------------------------------------------------
  -----
• Baird et al Low 3 10
• (1979) High 37 18
• --------------------------------------------------
  --------------------------------------------------
  -----
• Andrews Kiessling Low 12 17
• (1980) High 58 31
• --------------------------------------------------
  --------------------------------------------------
  -----
• Andrews Friesen Low 12 17
• (1987) High 92 25
• --------------------------------------------------
  --------------------------------------------------
  -----
• Bonta Wallace et al Low 14 32
• (2000) High 51 31

12
NEEDS PRINCIPLE
2
Match Offenders to Services That address
Criminogenic Needs
13
CENTRAL CRIMINOGENIC NEEDS

1. Anti-Social Values
2. Criminal Peers
3. Low Self Control
4. Criminal Personality
5. Dysfunctional Family
6. School and Work Problems
7. Unproductive Use of Leisure Time
8. Substance Abuse

14
1-Anti-Social Values

• The person who doesnt
• take responsibility for his/her own
• behavior

15
ANTI-SOCIAL THINKING
CONDUCT
OUTCOME
VICTIM
JUSTIFICATION COMPARISON LABELING
MINIMIZING IGNORING MISCONSTRUING THE
CONSEQUENCES
DEHUMANIZING BLAMING
16
Not in the mainstream

• Work
• School
• Family
• Goals
• Finances
• Environment

17
2-Criminal Peers

• Those who engage in illegal behavior
• Gang Associates
• Drug Users
• Thieves
• Friends who use or condone violence
• Friends who victimize others

18
3-Low Self Control

• Behavioral difficulties in many areas
• Lengthy criminal history
• Disciplinary actions at work
• Fights with family or friends

19
4- Criminal Personality

• AKA
• ANTI-SOCIAL PERSONALITY
• Or
• PSYCHOPATHY
• Callous, grandiose, irresponsible

20
HARE PSYCHOPATHY CHECK-LIST REVISED

• Factor One Items Personality Style
• Glibness/superficial charm
• Pathological lying
• Grandiose sense of self-worth
• Conning/manipulative
• Lack of remorse or guilt
• Shallow affect
• Callous/lack of empathy
• Failure to accept responsibility for own actions

21
HARE PSYCHOPATHY CHECK-LIST REVISED

• Factor Two Items Life Style
• Need for stimulation/proneness to boredom
• Parasitic lifestyle
• Poor behavioral controls
• Promiscuous sexual behavior
• Early behavioral problems
• Lack of realistic, long-term goals
• Impulsivity
• Irresponsibility
• Many short-term marital relationships
• Juvenile delinquency
• Revocation of conditional release
• Criminal versatility

22
5-Dysfunctional Families

• Non-supportive family environment at the Present
  time
• Chaotic
• Neglectful or Abusive
• Inconsistent
• Substance Abusing
• Criminality

23
6-School and Work Problems

• Lack of achievement or participation in
  conventional, pro-social daily activity
• Instability
• Conflict with superiors
• Negative peer interactions
• Lack of job/school satisfaction

24
7- Leisure and Recreation

• Absence of constructive, pro-social activities
• Too much idle time
• No sports, hobbies, clubs, teams, church groups

25
8-Substance Abuse

• More than occasional or recreational drug or
  alcohol use
• Abuse or Dependence which interferes with life

26
RESPONSIVITY PRINCIPLE
3
Match Treatment Type to Individual
Characteristics of Offenders
27
RESPONSIVITY FACTORS

• General population
• Gender, ethnicity, race, age, mental illness,
  depression, anxiety, language
• Criminal Population
• Poor social skills, inadequate problem solving,
  concrete thinking processes, poor verbal skills,
  learning style, motivation (Bonta, 1995)

28
What About Professional Discretion?

• Decisions must be appropriate
• Circumstances must be supportive
• Resources must be present
• Rationale must be given

29
Finding the Right Assessment Tool MAKE SURE. . .
RELIABLE CLINICALLY
USEFUL
VALID USER FRIENDLY
30
Geneology of Risk Assessment Tools

• First Generation Gut reaction
  
• Second Generation Single
  Scale Tool with Static Risk Items
• Third Generation Multiple
  Scale Tools with Dynamic Risk Items
• Fourth
  Generation Risk, Needs, Resonsivity and
  Strengths

31
Geneology of Risk Assessment Tools

• First Generation Gut reaction
• Second Generation Single
  Scale Tool with Static Risk Items

32
Geneology of Risk Assessment Tools

• Third Generation
  Multiple Scale Tools with Dynamic Risk Items
• Fourth
  Generation Risk, Needs, Resonsivity and
  Strengths

33
Popular Assessment Tools

• Adult Juvenile
• LS/CMI YLS/CMI
• ROPE RISK RESILIENCY
• COMPAS COMPAS
• SPIN YASI

34
THE END RESULT
TOTAL RISK SCORE
CRIMINOGENIC NEED PROFILE
DIRECTION FOR APPROPRIATE TREATMENT
OFFENDER STRENGTHS
SHARE INFORMATION WITH THE OFFENDER
35
How Good are the Instruments?

• 35-40 better than chance

36
HOW IT ALL BEGINS

• MOTIVATED OFFENDERS

37
Stages of Change Model
ENTER HERE
Relapse
Pre- contemplation
PERMANENT EXIT
Maintenance
Contemplation
Action
Determination
Prochaska DiClemente (1986)
38
Whats Ambivalence?

• The feeling of I want to at the same time a
  person feels I dont want to

39
Do as I say, NOW!
40
How We Move Offenders Through the Stages of
Change

• MOTIVATONAL INTERVIEWING
• Started in the USA
• Looking at treatment that seemed to cause
  resistance
• William R. Miller Examined behavior of
  counselors
• Direct persuasion elicits resistance
• M.I. An alternative to direct persuasion
• Miller and Rollnick (1991), Motivational
  Interviewing, Guilford Press.

41
A Definition of Motivational Interviewing

• A directive, client-centered counseling style
  for helping clients explore and resolve
  ambivalence about behavior change.
• William R. Miller, 1991

42
Major Motivational Interviewing Skills

• Open-Ended Questions
• Affirmations
• Reflections
• Summarizations

Miller and Rollnick (1991), Motivational
Interviewing, Guilford Press.
43
Principles of Motivational Interviewing

• Develop Discrepancies
• Express Empathy
• Avoid Argumentation
• Roll with Resistance
• Support Self-efficacy

44
A Change for the Criminal Justice System

• Strengthens the role of the CJ Professional as an
  Agent of Change
• Focuses on the offenders long-term behavioral
  changes in addition to compliance issues

45
A Slightly Different Focus

• Caseload Organization
• Case Planning with New Objectives
• Communication Styles
• Referrals to Appropriate Programs
• Community Involvement
• Data Collection and Program Evaluation

46
Caseload Organization

• Caseload size
• More services for higher risk
• Less services for lower risk
• Examine the concept of offense driven caseloads
• Examine the activities traditionally required in
  case management

47
Case Plans that Address Risk Factors

• In the Past
• Compliance with Ordered Conditions
• In the Future
• Reduce Impulsive Behavior
• Change Anti-Social Peers
• Change Non-supportive Family
• Add Pro-Social Leisure Time Activities
• Change Anti-Social Thinking, Values, Beliefs
• Identification of and Protection from
  Psychopaths
• Eliminate Substance Abuse issues
• Fix Unemployment or problem employment

48
Communication Styles

• Include the Offender in the Supervision Process
• Continually evaluate the Stage of Change for each
  criminogenic need
• Encourage change talk
• Reinforce positive behaviors

49
Maintain the Change Process Strategies for
Success
Learn from mistakes. Decide what to do
next. Determine stage of change and start again .
.
Develop Discrepancy
Relapse
Develop skills to maintain behavior. Continue
to remove barriers and support self-efficacy.
Pre- contemplation
Maintenance
Explore ambivalence. Weigh both sides of the
issue.
Contemplation
Action
Acknowledge action. Remove barriers. Support
Self-efficacy. Reinforce behaviors.
Determination
Remove obstacles. Identify steps to change. Make
a plan, set a date. Explore options.
50
Refer to Appropriate Community Treatment

• Cognitive Behavioral
• Links thoughts to behaviors
• Examines beliefs, expectations
• Challenges thought processes
• Teaches different thinking
• Teaches new skills
• Rehearses new behaviors
• Reinforces new behaviors
• Deals with criminogenic risk factors
• Sensitivity to responsivity issues
• Measures results

51
Involve Community Partners

• Court
• DA and Defender
• Community Groups
• Pro-social Family and Friends

52
Data CollectionProgram Evaluation

• Measure and track processes
• Measure Outcomes
• Make Changes
• Celebrate Success

53
Eight Guiding Principles for Risk/Recidivism
Reduction
ENGAGE ON-GOING SUPPORT IN COMM.
INCREASE POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
SKILL TRAIN WITH DIRECTED PRACTICE
MEASURE RELEVANT PRACTICES
MEASUREMENT FEEDBACK
TARGET INTERVENTION
ENHANCE INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
RISKS/NEEDS ASSESS ACTUARIAL RISK