John Cotton, 1584-1652

1
John Cotton, 1584-1652 English-born American
cleric who was vicar of Saint Botolph's Church in
England until he was summoned to court for his
Puritanism. He fled to Boston, Massachusetts,
where he became a civil and religious leader.
2

• John Cotton, The Devine Right to Occupy the Land
  (1630)
• The placing of a people in this or that country
  is from the appointment of the Lord. In other
  words, God assigns land to a certain people.
•  
• God makes room for people in three ways
• He casts out enemies of a people before them by
  lawful war. (Heathens)
• He gives a foreign people favor or rights to a
  land through purchase
• He makes available places in a country that are
  vacant, even if the land it not totally vacant
•  
• No nation is to drive out another without
  special commission from Heaven, such as the
  Israelites had, unless the natives do unjustly
  wrong them, and will not recompense the wrongs
  done in a peaceful manner.
•  
• We (the Puritans) must discern how God appoints
  us this place.
•  

3
 5. How do a people know if they should
emigrate?        Sake of knowledge        Gain
sake        Establish a colony        Talents
are better employed elsewhere        To escape
bad authorities and avoid evils        When some
grievous sins overspread a country        When
escaping over-burdensome debts and
miseries        When persecuted   Questions Was
North America vacant? Does God really appoint a
people land?
4
John Winthrop 1588-1649 English colonial
administrator who was the first governor of
Massachusetts Bay Colony, serving seven terms
between 1629 and 1649.
5

• John Winthrop
• A Model of Christian Charity
•  
• Main Points
• God has made different classes of men, and,
  indeed, of all things. All men are not created
  equal. The reason hereof
• In conformity to the rest of the world, and
  demonstrating his wisdom, God created a great
  variety and differences in his creatures for the
  preservation of the whole.
• The differences give humans the opportunity to
  manifest the work of the Spirit within them.
• The poor should be loyal and honest in their
  service to their betters and to authorities.
• The rich and powerful should honestly and loyally
  dispense with justice and mercy to the poor.
• God made variety and differences so that all men
  would have a need of one another. This mutual
  need knits mankind more nearly together in the
  Bonds of Brotherly affection. Thus, by serving
  his fellow mankind, man serves the glory of his
  creator and the common good of the creature,
  man.

6

• John Winthrop, A Model of Christian Charity
• We have made a covenant with God to form a new
  colony in a new land and live as God would want
  us.
• If We Are Good If we fulfill our covenant (i.e.
  do justly, love mercy, and walk humbly with our
  God) the Lord will be our God, and delight to
  dwell among us, as his own people, and will
  command a blessing upon us in all our ways. So
  that we shall see much more of his wisdom, power,
  goodness and truth, than formerly we have been
  acquainted. We shall find that the God of Israel
  is among us, when ten of us shall be able to
  resist a thousand of our enemies We will be
  considered to be a city upon a hill, and the eyes
  of all peoples will be upon us.
• If We are Bad if we shall neglect the
  observation of these articles which are the ends
  we have propounded, and, dissembling, with our
  God, shall fall to embrace the present world and
  prosecute our carnal intention, seeking great
  things for ourselves and our posterity, the Lord
  will surely break out in wrath against us be
  revenged of such a sinful people and make us
  know the price of the breach of such a covenant.
  
• Questions
• Did the Puritans live up to their ideals?
• Why was it necessary for them to leave England?
• Does community negate individualism?

7

• John Winthrop, A Model of Christian Charity
• Questions
• In this world, does God always punish the wicked
  and bless the virtuous?
• Are all men created equal or created different?
  What does God expect us to do in regard to
  treating people equally? When should men be
  considered equal? When should they be considered
  unequal?
• What were Winthrops views of equality?
• Winthrops views of community?
• What was the Puritan covenant?
• Were the eyes of the world really on the
  Puritans? Were they really a city upon a hill?

8
The Trial of Anne Hutchinson (1637) Opening main
point of Governor Winthrop Anne Hutchinson has
troubled the peace of the commonwealth and the
churches here. You have maintained a meeting
and an assembly in your house that hath been
condemned by the general assembly as a thing not
tolerable nor comely in the sight of God nor
fitting for your sex. Anne Hutchinson I
hear not things laid to my charge.
9
The Trial of Anne Hutchinson (1637) Governor
Winthrops accusation toward Hutchinson You have
meetings in which you express opinions different
from the word of God that may seduce many simple
souls that resort unto you, Hutchinson in her
defense Now if you do condemn me for speaking
what in my conscience I know to be truth I must
commit myself unto the Lord. Question from Mr.
Nowel How do you know that that was the
spirit? Hutchinsons eventual reply by an
immediate revelation. Governor Winthrops
conclusion The ground work of her revelations
is the immediate revelation of the spirit and not
by the ministry of the word and that is the means
by which she hath very much abused the
country.
10
The Trial of Anne Hutchinson (1637) Mrs.
Hutchinson, the sentence of the court you hear is
that you are banished from out of our
jurisdiction as being a woman not fit for our
society, and are to be imprisoned till the court
shall send you away.
Verdict Guilty
11

• John Winthrop
• Little Speech on Liberty
•  
• Main Points
•  
• The question addressed how does the authority of
  the magistrates stand in relation to the liberty
  of the people?
•  
• When you see weakness in the leaders
  (magistrates) you have chosen, you should reflect
  upon your own weaknesses since you chose them.
• The magistrates try to govern and judge as best
  as can according to Gods laws, as well as our
  own.
• If the magistrates error is clearly out of
  wickedness, he must be held accountable for his
  transgressions. However, if it is not clear that
  his error was due to evil intentions, then the
  people, who have a covenant with their leaders,
  need to bear the consequences of the error.

12
4. There are two kinds of liberty  a.    
Natural liberty This is a liberty man shares in
common with beasts. Man, as he stands in relation
to man, has the liberty to do good or evil. The
exercise of natural liberty makes men grow more
evil, and in time to be worse than brute beasts.
This is that great enemy of truth and peace, that
wild beast, which all the ordinances
authorities of God are bend against, to
restrain and subdue it.  b.     Civil or federal
liberty This liberty is in reference to the
covenant between God and man, in the moral law,
and the politic covenants and constitutions,
amongst men themselves. This liberty is the
proper end and object of authority, it is a
liberty to that only which is good, just, and
honest. This liberty is maintained and exercised
in a way of subjection to authority it is of the
same kind of liberty wherewith Christ hath made
us free. Analogy womens subjection to her
husbands authority makes her free.
13
Conclusion The best way to preserve our civil
liberties is to uphold and honor the power of
authority. If we quietly and cheerfully subject
ourselves to civil liberty, such as Christ allows
us, it will be for our own good. If the
magistrates fail honestly at any time, you should
advise them. Since they are doing their best to
follow Gods laws, the magistrates will hearken
good advice. In this way, upholding and honoring
the power of authority will preserve your
liberties.
Remember to study the questions at the beginning
of each document.
14
Historical Context
Samuel Adams -The Rights of the Colonists (1772)

• Samuel Adams
• Graduate of Harvard University
• Known as The Man of the Town Meeting
• Came from prominent family in Boston, Mass.
• He was an opponent to Parliaments taxation
• Argued against colonial compromise with
  parliament
• One of the first to advocate separation from
  England
• This article was penned under a committee of
  correspondence, which was led by Adams

15
Main Points
Samuel Adams -The Rights of the Colonists (1772)

• to State the Rights of the Colonists and of
  this Province in particular, as Men, as
  Christians, and as Subjects
• A Right to Life, Liberty, and Property
• To Support and defend them in the best manner
• Just and true liberty, equal and impartial
  liberty
• Religious freedomevery man living in or out of
  a state of civil society has a right peaceably
  and quietly to worship God according to the
  dictates of his conscience.

16
Main Points (cont.)
Samuel Adams -The Rights of the Colonists (1772)

• As Subjects Adams expressed a need for a body
  politic, or civil society of men, united together
  to promote their mutual safety and prosperity by
  means of their union....he goes on to reference
  personal security, personal liberty, and private
  property.
• The natural liberty of man is to be free from
  any superior power on earth, and not to be under
  the will or legislative authority of man but
  only to have the law of nature for his rule.

17
Historical Significance
Samuel Adams -The Rights of the Colonists (1772)

• Justified rebellion
• On the basis of an individuals natural rights
• Influenced other colonies
• Committees of Correspondence for all
• Increased the dissatisfaction with Britain
• Important in bringing about awareness
• Colonists realized their own discontent
• Eventually brought about the separation

18
Questions to Consider
Samuel Adams -The Rights of the Colonists (1772)

• In what ways has the government violated
  traditional liberties?
• Are natural law and government compatible?

19

• Samuel Johnson
• Taxation No Tyranny (1775)
•  
• Main Points
• 1. Americans are able to bear taxation.
•  
• Every adult pays taxes
• Of every empire all the subordinate communities
  are liable to taxation, because they all share
  the benefits of government, and, therefore, ought
  to all furnish their proportion of the expense.
• As all are born the subjects of some state or
  other, we may be said to have been all born
  contenting to some system of government.
• Humanity is very uniform. The Americans have
  this resemblance to Europeans, that they do not
  always know when they are well.

20
Samuel Johnson Taxation No Tyranny (1775)

• 3. Americans have no proof that parliament ever
  ceded to them exemption from obedience.
• Now there are only two choices to allow their
  claim to independence or to reduce them, by
  force, to submission and allegiance.
• If the subject refuses to obey, it is the duty
  of authority to use compulsion. Society cannot
  subsist but by the power, first of making laws,
  and then of enforcing them.
•  4. The American rebels are hypocrites.
•  If slavery be thus fatally contagious, how is
  it that we hear the loudest yelps for liberty
  among the drivers of negroes?

21
Historical Context
About The Author
Born on January 29, 1737 in England to an
impoverished Quaker family.
Had many different jobs including a corset maker,
merchant seaman, a school teacher, even a job as
tax collector.
With the advise and help from Benjamin Franklin,
Pain Immigrated to the American Colonies in 1774.
22
Main Points of Common Sense

• The colonies were founded by people from many
  different nations, not just Britain.
• Europe, and not England, is the parent country
  of America.
• America will constantly be at war with Britains
  enemies and will never be at peace.
• That she did not protect us from our enemies on
  our account, but from her enemies on her own
  account, from those who had no quarrel with us on
  any other account, and who will always be our
  enemies on the same account.
• America is to big to be ruled by an island.
• There is something very absurd, in supposing a
  continent to be perpetually governed by an
  island.
• For as in absolute governments the king is law,
  so in free countries the law ought to be king
  and there ought to be no other.
• A government of own is our natural right.

23
Main Points OF Thomas Paines Common Sense

• THERE IS NO GOING BACK AFTER BLOOD HAS BEEN
  SPILT. Any attempts to work with Great Britain
  before the nineteenth of April, i.e., to the
  commencement of hostilities, areuseless now
  The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of
  nature cries, tis time to part.
• WE CAN SURVIVE ECONOMICALLY WELL WITHOUT THE
  BRITAIN. I challenge the warmest advocate for
  reconciliation to show, a single advantage that
  this continent can reap, by being connected with
  Great Britain.
• We should look at the many injuries that the
  colonies have undergone and will continue to
  undergo as long as we are connected with Great
  Britain. (3rd)
• BRITAIN IS PROTECTING HER OWN INTEREST, NOT OURS.
  We dont need Britain for protection against her
  enemies nor do we need her for commerce.
• whenever a war breaks out between England and
  any foreign power, the trade of America goes to
  ruin, because of her connection with Britain.
• WE DO NOT NEED A KING TO GOVERN OURSELVES. Do
  away with monarchies because the divine law (of
  God) should be King of America and the people
  should form a government of their own (a
  republican charter).
• let a day be solemnly set apart for proclaiming
  the charter let it be brought forth placed on
  the divine law the word of Godlaw ought to be
  king
• England is not run by France even though the king
  is a descendant from France.
• AMERICA HAS GROWN UP. Children cannot survive on
  milk alone and never get any meat....The colonies
  have grown up and need to be set free to live on
  their own just as children do.

24

• Thomas Jefferson, The Declaration of
  Independence
• Independence is declared.
• All men are created equal. All men are created
  equal. We hold these truths to be self-evident,
  that all men are created equal.
• Men have unalienable Rights Life, Liberty and
  the pursuit of Happiness.
• Governments derive their authority from the
  consent of the people. Governments are
  instituted among Men, deriving their just powers
  from the consent of the governed.
• When a government acts despotically, the people
  have a right and a duty to overthrow it. But
  when a long train of abuses and usurpations,
  pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a
  design to reduce them under absolute Despotism,
  it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off
  such Government, and to provide new Guards for
  their future security.
• We have tried to compromise, but King George has
  persistently been a tyrant.
•  

25
Jefferson on Slavery (1784)

• Facts about Jefferson
• Third President1801-1809
• Born April 13, 1743 in Albemarle County,
  Virginia
• Died July 4, 1826 in Monticello in Virginia
• Married to Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson
• Author The Declaration of Independence
• Supported by slave labor his entire life
• Bought eight or more slaves while president
• Slaves Born into Freedom
• Children raised with parents till 21
  
• Government paid education/trade school
  
• Colonized together
• Sent to parts of the world for equal number of
  whites

26

• Differences of Color
• Superior beauty (why not in man)
• The difference is fixed in nature
• Greater degree of transpiration .. (Work better
  in heat)
• Require less sleep
• Seem brave more adventuresome (Dont think
  about what they do)
• Love seems to be a desire not a passion.
• Memory is equal but reasoning is inferior to
  whites
• Artseven Indians had traits of design..
• Music...Very giftedbut composition questioned
• No poets ..Misery
• Romans and Natural History

27
Slavery and Laws Branded as thieves No
propertyCant take a little from one who has
taken all from him.. Morals.their situation
their change their morals..? Slavery is Familiar
Children learn from their parents. Why work
They are a firm basis for our
nation... Emancipation (Masters or
Revolution) Slavery is harmful the to slave
owners and their posterity The whole commerce
between master and slave is a perpetual exercise
of the most boisterous passions, the most
unremitting despotism on the one part, and
degrading submissions on the other. Our children
see this, and learn to imitate it
28
Thomas Jefferson is believed to have fathered
children with his slave, Sally Hemings
http//www.cnn.com/US/9905/17/jefferson.reunion/
http//www.michaelcosm.com/sub_feat/feat_jeff.html
29
James Madison, Federalist 10 (1787-1788) Human
nature is selfish and passionate, and when
combined with reason, individuals have liberty.
Liberty pursuit of property gt classes and
factions (everyone cannot have equal
property).
Classes

• REMOVE CAUSES People could remove the causes of
  faction, but this would destroy liberty. This
  solution is worse than the problem.
• SOLUTION The Federalists sought to work with
  human nature. They advocated letting factions
  run their course, arguing that in a large
  republic they would compete with one another and
  effectively cancel each other out.
• THREE FACTORS THAT WILL CHECK THE TYRANNY OF A
  FACTION
• LARGE POLITY Thousands of factions will result
  in a diffusion of factions that will tend to
  cancel each other out.
• REPRESENTATION Representative government will
  act as a filter, protecting the republic form the
  passions of the masses.
• SEPARATION OF POWERS A federal government and a
  separation of powers will result in a system
  checks and balances in power.

30
Edmund Burke (1729-1797)

• Conciliation with America (1775)

31
Document Analysis 3 main points

• Use of force is not the best option
• Last resort
• Not the British way
• More destruction than good, alienation
• A temporary measure subdue, but not govern
• American colonies are different from Britain and
  as such requires their own government
• Liberty
• Geographically remote
• Only its own government can cope with problems
• Britain should respect rights of its colony

32
Edmund Burke

• the use of force alone is but temporary. It may
  subdue for a moment but it does not remove the
  necessity of subduing again and a nation is not
  governed , which is perpetually to be conquered.
  
• My next objection is its uncertainty. Terror
  is not always the effect of force and an
  armament is not a victory. If you do not
  succeed, you are without resource for,
  conciliation failing, force remains but, force
  failing, no further hope of reconciliation is
  left.
• A further objection to force is, that you impair
  the object by your very endeavours to preserve
  it. The thing you fought for is not the thing
  which you recover but depreciated, sunk, wasted
  and consumed in the contest. (Page 21.)
• Founder of Conservatism Burke maintained that
  society was a contract, but the state ought not
  to be considered as nothing better than a
  partnership agreement in a trade of pepper and
  coffee, to be taken up for a temporary interest
  and to be dissolved by the fancy of the parties.
  The state was a partnership but one not only
  between those who are living, but between those
  who are living, those who are dead and those who
  are to be born. No one generation therefore has
  the right to destroy this partnership instead,
  each generation has the duty to preserve and
  transmit it to the next. Burke advised against
  the violent overthrow of a government by
  revolution, but he did not reject the possibility
  of change. Sudden change was unacceptable, but
  that did not eliminate gradual or evolutionary
  improvements. (Spielvogel, p. 612)

33

• Adam Smith
• America and the Wealth of Nations (1776)
•  
• Union of the people of Britain and those of her
  American colonies is important, and is in both
  peoples interests.
•  
• The uniting of the distant parts of the world has
  generated wealth and industry.
•  
• Native Americans have suffered every sort of
  injustice because of the Europeans superiority
  of force.
•  
• Nothing will better establish equality among
  nations than that mutual communication of
  knowledge and of all sorts of improvements which
  an extensive commerce from all countries to all
  countries naturally, or rather necessarily,
  carries along with it.
•  
• The unjust oppression of industry of other
  countries falls backupon the heads of the
  oppressors, and crushes their industry more than
  it does that of those other countries.
•  
• The mercantile system deranges the natural and
  most advantageous distribution of stock.
  Monopoly of one kind or anotherseems to be the
  sole engine of the mercantile system.

34
Adam Smith

• To what is Smith reacting?
• The invisible hand of the laws of supply and
  demand
• Monopolies?
• Even the regulations by which each nation
  endeavours to secure to itself the exclusive
  trade of its own colonies, are frequently more
  hurtful to the countries in favour of which they
  are established than to those against which they
  are established.

35
Letters from an American FarmerWritten by Michel
St. John De Crevecoeur Main Points

• The metamorphosis of an European into an American
• Crevecoeur likens poor Europeans to useless
  plants that are transplanted and have take root
  and flourished in America
• The freedom and opportunities in North America
  (social, religious, etc.)
• The chance to be a freeman and there are no
  princes, for whom we toil, starve, and bleed we
  are the most perfect society now existing In the
  world. Here man is free as he ought to be
• To describe and define what it meant to be an
  American
• The American is a new man, who acts upon new
  principles he must therefore entertain new
  ideas, and form new opinions.

36
Michel St. John de Crevecoeur

• Are Crevecoeurs Letters a work of fiction or
  non-fiction?
• Development of the wilderness
• No system of vassalage It is not composed, as
  in Europe, of great lords who possess everything,
  and of a herd of people who have nothing.
• More equality
• People of cultivators
• Here the rewards of his industry follow with
  equal steps the progress of his labour
• As freemen they will be litigious pride and
  obstinacy are often the cause of law suits.
• Here religion demand but little of him a small
  voluntary salary to the minister, and gratitude
  to God can he refuse these?
• the laws inspect our actions, our thoughts are
  left to God.
• how religious indifference becomes prevalent.
• On the frontier they are often in a perfect
  state of war.
• Who is Crevecoeurs main intended audience?
• The melting pot.
• He does not find, as in Europe, a crowded
  society, where every place is over-stocked.
• The rich stay in Europe, it is only the middling
  and the poor that emigrate.
• he now feels himself a man, because he is
  treated as such.
• He feel an ardour to labour he never felt
  before.

37

• George Bancroft
• The Office of the People (1835)
• Common judgment is the highest authority.
• If it be true, that the gifts of mind and heart
  are universally diffused, if the sentiment of
  truth, justice, love, and beauty exists in every
  one, then it follows, as a necessary consequence,
  that the common judgment in taste, politics, and
  religion is the highest authority on earth, and
  the nearest possible approach to an infallible
  decision.
• Truth is one.
• Truth is one. It never contradicts itself One
  truth cannot contradict another truth. Hence
  truth is a bond of union. But error not only
  contradicts truth, but may contradict itself so
  that there may be many errors, and each at
  variance with the rest. Truth is therefore of
  necessity an element of harmony error as
  necessarily an element of discord. Thus there can
  be no continuing universal judgment but a right
  one. Men cannot agree in an absurdity neither
  can they agree in a falsehood.
• Truth has been passed on by the collective
  truth of humanity through the ages, and even
  today, the public is wiser than the wisest
  critic.
• ? every sect that has ever flourished has
  benefited Humanity for the errors of a sect pass
  away and are forgotten its truths are received
  into the common inheritance.
• ? For who are the best judges in matters of
  taste? Do you think the cultivated individual?
  Undoubtedly not but the collective mind. The
  public is wiser than the wisest critic.

38

• George Bancroft, The Office of the People (1835)
• True genius is inspired by reflecting and
  satisfying the wisdom of humanity, and not by
  reflecting or satisfying particular tastes.
• Genius yearns for larger influences it feeds
  on wide sympathies and its perfect display can
  never exist except in an appeal to the general
  sentiment for the beautiful.
• The moral intelligence of the community should
  rule.
• A government of equal rights mustrest upon the
  mind not wealth, not brute force, the sum of the
  moral intelligence of the community should rule
  the State.
• the common mind is the true material for a
  commonwealth.
• The world can advance only through the culture of
  the moral and intellectual powers of the people.
• The duty of America is to secure the culture and
  the happiness of the masses by their reliance on
  themselves.
• we have made Humanity our lawgiver and our
  oracle
• The government by the people is in very truth the
  strongest government in the world. Discarding the
  implements of terror, it dares to rule by moral
  force, and has its citadel in the heart.
• the measure of the progress of civilization is
  the progress of the people.
• the opinion which we respect is not the opinion
  of one or a few, but the sagacity of the many.