Getting Started with the SAS

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Getting Started with the SAS

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Title: Getting Started with the SAS

1
Chapter 2

Getting Started with the SAS System

2
Section 2.1

Introduction to SAS Programs

3
Objectives

State the components of a SAS program.
State the modes in which you can run a SAS
program.

4
SAS Vocabulary

SAS program
DATA step
PROC step

5
Turning Data into information
6
SAS Programs

A SAS program is a sequence of steps that the
user submits for execution.

Raw Data
DATA steps are typically used to create SAS data
sets.
129986542,Fred,Barnes,54,654543681,Alicia,Burnett,
23,241453384,Connor,Coats
SAS Data Set
DATAStep
LastName FirstName Age TORRES
JAN 23LANGKAMM SARAH 46SMITH
MICHAEL 71WAGSCHAL NADJA 37TOERMOEN
JOCHEN 16
SAS Data Set
Output
PROCStep
LastName FirstName Age TORRES
JAN 23LANGKAMM SARAH 46SMITH
MICHAEL 71WAGSCHAL NADJA 37TOERMOEN
JOCHEN 16
PROC (procedure) steps are used to process SAS
data sets (generate reports and sort data).
7
SAS Programs
data work.staff infile 'raw-data-file'
input LastName 1-20 FirstName 21-30
JobTitle 36-43 Salary 54-59 run proc print
datawork.staff run proc means
datawork.staff class JobTitle var
Salary run
DATAStep
PROCSteps
8
SAS Programs

SAS executes one step at a time, statement by
statement, independently of one another.
Other programming languages compile the entire
program, and then execute the entire program at
once.

9
Step Boundaries

SAS steps begin with DATA statements or PROC
statements.
SAS detects the end of a step when it encounters
a RUN statement (for most steps)
a QUIT statement (for some run-group procedures)
the beginning of another step (DATA or PROC
statement).

data work.staff infile 'raw-data-file'
input LastName 1-20 FirstName 21-30
JobTitle 36-43 Salary 54-59 run proc print
datawork.staff run proc means
datawork.staff class JobTitle var
Salary run
DATAStep
PROCSteps
10
Step Boundaries
data work.staff infile 'raw-data-file'
input LastName 1-20 FirstName 21-30
JobTitle 36-43 Salary 54-59 run proc print
datawork.staff proc means datawork.staff
class JobTitle var Salary run
11
Running a SAS Program

Versions of SAS exist for several different
operating systems.
Windows
SAS Windowing Environment
SAS Enterprise Guide (point-and-click interface)
UNIX
SAS Windowing Environment only
Mainframe
SAS Windowing Environment only

12
SAS Windowing Environment

Interactive windows enable you to interface with
SAS.
SAS Windowing Environment Interface

13
Section 2.2

Running SAS Programs

14
Objectives

Start SAS and include a SAS program in your
session.
Submit a program and browse the results.
Navigate the SAS windowing environment.

15
SAS Vocabulary
SAS Output CLEAR LOG
INCLUDE OUTPUT
Editor window WED
SUBMIT Enhanced Editor
SAS log Program Editor
LOG KEYS
16
Submitting a SAS Program
When you execute a SAS program, the output
generated by SAS is divided into two major parts
SAS log contains information about the processing of the SAS program, including any warning and error messages.
SAS output contains reports generated by SAS procedures and DATA steps.
17
SAS Log
1 data work.staff 2 infile
'raw-data-file' 3 input LastName 1-20
FirstName 21-30 4 JobTitle 36-43
Salary 54-59 5 run NOTE The infile
'raw-data-file' is File Name
'raw-data-file', RECFMV,LRECL256 NOTE 18
records were read from the infile
'raw-data-file'. The minimum record length
was 59. The maximum record length was
59. NOTE The data set WORK.STAFF has 18
observations and 4 variables. 6 proc print
datawork.staff 7 run NOTE There were 18
observations read from the dataset WORK.STAFF. 8
proc means datawork.staff 9 class
JobTitle 10 var Salary 11 run NOTE
There were 18 observations read from the dataset
WORK.STAFF.
18
PRINT Procedure Output
The SAS System
First Obs LastName
Name JobTitle Salary 1
TORRES JAN Pilot 50000
2 LANGKAMM SARAH Mechanic
80000 3 SMITH MICHAEL
Mechanic 40000 4 LEISTNER
COLIN Mechanic 36000 5 WADE
KIRSTEN Pilot 85000 6
TOMAS HARALD Pilot 105000
7 WAUGH TIM Pilot
70000 8 LEHMANN DAGMAR
Mechanic 64000 9 TRETTHAHN
MICHAEL Pilot 100000 10 TIETZ
OTTO Pilot 45000 11
O'DONOGHUE ART Mechanic 52000
12 WALKER THOMAS Pilot
95000 13 NOROVIITA JOACHIM
Mechanic 78000 14 OESTERBERG
ANJA Mechanic 80000 15
LAUFFER CRAIG Mechanic 40000
16 TORR JUGDISH Pilot
45000 17 WAGSCHAL NADJA
Pilot 77500 18 TOERMOEN
JOCHEN Pilot 65000
19
MEANS Procedure Output
The SAS System
The MEANS Procedure
Analysis Variable Salary
N JobTitle Obs N Mean Std
Dev Minimum ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ
ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ Mechanic 8
8 58750.00 19151.65
36000.00 Pilot 10 10 73750.00
22523.14 45000.00 ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ
ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ
Analysis Variable Salary
N JobTitle
Obs Maximum
ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ
Mechanic 8 80000.00
Pilot 10 105000.00
ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ
20
Running a SAS Program

This demonstration illustrates how to invoke SAS
and open and run a SAS program.

21
Demonstration Invoking SAS

There are two ways to open SAS
Menu-driven
Select Start ? Programs ? SAS ? SAS 9.1.
Desktop shortcut
SAS toolbar button

22
Toolbar
Command Box
Menus
Output Window (behind)
Current Working Directory
23
Demonstration Running a SAS Program

There are three ways to open a SAS program
Command Box
Type the INCLUDE command in the Command Box.
Menu-driven
Select File ? Open.
Toolbar Shortcut
Open button

24
Demonstration Running a SAS Program

Issue the INCLUDE command in the command box to
open or include a program in your SAS session.
Type include and the name of the file containing
the program in quotation marks. Then press ENTER.
The program is included in the Editor window.

25
Demonstration Running a SAS Program

You can use the SAS Enhanced Editor to do the
following
access and edit existing SAS programs
write new SAS programs
submit SAS programs
save SAS programs

26
Demonstration Running a SAS Program

In the SAS Enhanced Editor, the syntax in your
SAS program is color-coded to distinguish between
the following
step boundaries
SAS keywords
data set names
variable names

27
Demonstration Running a SAS Program

There are three ways to submit a SAS program
Menu-driven
Select File ? Submit.
Command Box
Type the SUBMIT command in the Command Box.
Toolbar Shortcut
Submit button

28
Demonstration Running a SAS Program

If your code generates output, the output is
displayed in the SAS Output window.
When the Output window moves to the front to
become the active window, you should select and
view the SAS log first.

29
Demonstration Running a SAS Program

Always check the SAS log when you submit a
program.
Browse the messages that the program generated.

30
Demonstration Running a SAS Program

There are three ways to view the SAS log
Menu-driven
Select View ? Log.
Command Box
Type the LOG command in the Command Box.
Tabs
Select the Log tab.

31
Demonstration Running a SAS Program

Examining Your Program Results
The Log window has the following characteristics
is one of the primary windows and is open by
default
acts as an audit trail for your SAS session
has messages that are written to the log in the
order in which they are generated
As you continue to submit your programs, SAS
writes messages to the bottom of the log.

32
Demonstration Running a SAS Program

Navigating in the Log
Use the PAGE UP and PAGE DOWN keys.
Use the scroll bar.
Make certain that you review the complete log
entry for your submission.
Look in the log for the beginning of your current
code submission.

33
Demonstration Running a SAS Program

The Log window contains the programming
statements that are submitted, as well as notes
about the following
any files that were read
the records that were read
the program execution and results

34
Demonstration Running a SAS Program

By default, the following conventions appear
Notes are written in blue.
Read these because they might be 'good' or 'bad,
depending on the intention.
Warnings are written in green.
Read these because they might be 'good' or 'bad,
depending on the intention.
Errors are written in red.
Read these carefully.
Errors stop SAS processing and indicate that
something must be corrected.

35
Demonstration Running a SAS Program

You might want a clean log when you submit your
program.
To clear the contents of the window, do one of
the following
Issue the CLEAR LOG command in the command box.
Select Edit ? Clear All.
Select the New icon.
? The icon resembles a clean sheet of paper,
and you want a blank Log window.

36
Demonstration Running a SAS Program

There are three ways to view the Output window
Menu-driven
Select View ? Output.
Command Box
Type the OUTPUT command in the Command Box.
Select the Output tab.

37
Demonstration Running a SAS Program

Examining Your Program Results
The Output window
is one of the primary windows and is open by
default
becomes the active window each time that it
receives output
automatically accumulates output in the order in
which it is generated.
SAS writes to the bottom of the window each time
that output is generated.

38
Demonstration Running a SAS Program

You might want a clean Output window when you
submit your program.
With the Output window active, you can do one of
the following
Issue the CLEAR OUTPUT command in the command
box.
Select Edit ? Clear All to clear the contents of
the window.
Click on the New button.

39
Demonstration Running a SAS Program

Examining Your Program Results
The Output window displays the last page of
output generated by the program submitted.
To scroll vertically in the Output window, use
one of the following methods
the vertical scrollbar
the PAGE UP or PAGE DOWN keys on the keyboard
issue the TOP and BOTTOM commands

40
Demonstration Running a SAS Program

To return to the Enhanced Editor window, use one
of the following methods
Select the Editor tab.
If the window is visible, select it to make it
active.

41
What Do You Do If

What if you close a window accidentally?
Select View and the window that you want to open
(Log, Editor, Output).
If you close the Log or Output window, you need
to reopen it in order to see results.
If you close the Editor window, you need to open
the Enhanced Editor window.

42
What Do You Do If

Why are there two different types of editors?
On the UNIX and Mainframe platforms, you can only
use the Program Editor.
Windows supports the Program Editor (for backward
compatibility) as well as the Enhanced Editor.
Submit the same program in each window and see
what happens.

43
Program Editor versus Enhanced Editor
Program Editor Enhanced Editor
Coloring is different. Coloring is different.
Title bar Program Editor Title bar Editor
Has a blue added to the icons
Can only have one window open Can have many windows open
Code not kept after a submit Keeps code after a submit
44
What Do You Do If

The code you forgot to save disappeared?
Do you have to retype it?
Is there way to get it back?

45
What Do You Do If

you lost your previously submitted code?
Select Run ? Recall Last Submit.
The code is returned to your Editor window.

46
Exercise

This exercise reinforces the concepts discussed
previously.

47
Exercises

1. Submitting a Program
With the Editor window active, open the SAS
program c02ex1.sas
Submit the program.
Based on the report in the Output window, how
many observations and variables are in the data
set?
Examine the Log window.
Based on the log notes, how many observations and
variables are in the data set?
Clear the Log and Output windows.

48
Exercises

2. Issuing the KEYS Command
The Keys window is
a secondary window
used to browse or change function key
definitions.
closed by issuing the END command.
Issue the KEYS command. Browse the contents of
the window by scrolling vertically.
Close the KEYS window.

49
Exercises

You want to clear the Log and Output windows by
simply pressing a button.
Using the KEYS command, you can set the F12 key
to issue the commands.

50
Exercises

3. Setting a Function Key
Issue the KEYS command to access the Keys window.
Click in the definition area next to the F12 key.
Type the commands that you want to assign to the
key, and separate them with a semicolon.Clear
Log Clear Output
Close the window. SAS automatically saves your
definition in your user preferences in the
Sasuser library. The key will be set every time
that you log on to SAS.
Press the F12 key. What happens?

51
Exercises

Setting a Function Key
Any of the commands that can be issued in the
command box can be assigned to a function key.
Notice that SUBMIT is a command, and does not go
in a program.
However, RUN is a statement that goes inside a
program. You cannot use it in the command box,
nor as a hot key.
Statements go in programs.
Commands go in the command box.

52
Section 2.3

Mastering Fundamental Concepts

53
Objectives

Define the components of a SAS data set.
Define a SAS variable.
Identify a missing value and a SAS date value.
State the naming conventions for SAS data sets
and variables.
Explain SAS syntax rules.
Investigate a SAS data set using the CONTENTS and
PRINT procedures.

54
SAS Vocabulary

SAS Data Set
Descriptor Portion
PROC CONTENTS
Data Portion
Character Variables
Numeric Variables
SAS Names

SAS Date Value
Character Missing Value
Numeric Missing Value
PROC PRINT
SAS Statement
Free Format
SAS Comments

55
Mastering Fundamental Concepts

In this section, you will learn basic SAS
concepts.
These concepts are the basics that you need to
know so that you can program in SAS.

56
SAS Data Set Terminology
SAS documentation and text in the SAS windowing
environment use the following terms
interchangeably
57
SAS Data Sets

A SAS data set consists of two parts.

SAS Data Set
Descriptor Portion
Data Portion
58
SAS Data Sets

A SAS data set is a specially structured file
that contains data values.
Data must be in the form of a SAS data set to be
processed by most SAS procedures.

59
SAS Data Sets

SAS data sets have a descriptor portion and a
data portion.

General data set information data set name
data set label date/time created storage
information number of observations Information
for each variable Name Type Length
Position Format Informat Label
DescriptorPortion

DataPortion
60
Browsing the Descriptor Portion

The descriptor portion of a SAS data set simply
describes the data. It contains the following
general information about the SAS data set such
as data set name and number of observations
variable attributes such as name, type, length,
position, informat, format, and label
How can you see the descriptor portion of a SAS
data set?
Use the CONTENTS procedure.

61
Browsing the Descriptor Portion

General form of the CONTENTS procedure
Example

PROC CONTENTS DATASAS-data-setRUN
proc contents datasashelp.classrun
62
Partial PROC CONTENTS Output
The SAS System The
CONTENTS Procedure Data Set Name SASHELP.CLASS
Observations 19 Member Type DATA
Variables 5 Engine V9
Indexes 0 Created
Wednesday, May 12, 2004 Observation Length
40 105355 PM Last Modified
Wednesday, May 12, 2004 Deleted Observations
0 105355 PM Protection
Compressed NO Data Set Type
Sorted NO
Alphabetic List of Variables
and Attributes Variable
Type Len 3 Age
Num 8 4 Height
Num 8 1 Name
Char 8 2 Sex
Char 1 5 Weight
Num 8

63
SAS Data Sets Data Portion
The data portion of a SAS data set is a
rectangular table of character and/or numeric
data values. Variable names are part of
the descriptor portion, not the data portion.
Variablenames
LastName FirstName JobTitle Salary TORRES
JAN Pilot 50000 LANGKAMM SARAH
Mechanic 80000 SMITH MICHAEL Mechanic
40000 WAGSCHAL NADJA Pilot
77500 TOERMOEN JOCHEN Pilot 65000
Variablevalues
Numeric values
Character values
64
SAS Variable Values

There are two types of variables character and
numeric.
Character variables
contain any value letters, numbers, special
characters, and blanks
are stored with a length of 1 to 32,767 bytes
have one byte equal to one character
are left-aligned.

continued...
65
SAS Variable Values

Numeric variables
are stored as floating point numbers in 8 bytes
of storage by default, allowing for 16 to 17
significant digits
are not restricted to 8 digits
are right-aligned.

66
SAS Data Set and Variable Names

SAS data set and variable names must adhere to
the following rules
can be up to 32 characters long.
can be uppercase, lowercase, or mixed-case.
must start with a letter or underscore.
Subsequent characters can be numbers, letters, or
underscores.

67
Valid SAS Names

Select the valid default SAS names.

? data5mon
? data5mon
? 5monthsdata
? data5
? five months data
? fivemonthsdata
? FiveMonthsData
...
68
Valid SAS Names

Select the valid default SAS names.

? data5mon
? data5mon
...
69
Valid SAS Names

Select the valid default SAS names.

? data5mon
...
70
Valid SAS Names

Select the valid default SAS names.

? data5mon
? data5mon
? 5monthsdata
...
71
Valid SAS Names

Select the valid default SAS names.

? data5mon
? data5mon
? 5monthsdata
...
72
Valid SAS Names

Select the valid default SAS names.

? data5mon
? data5mon
? 5monthsdata
? data5
...
73
Valid SAS Names

Select the valid default SAS names.

? data5mon
? data5mon
? 5monthsdata
? data5
...
74
Valid SAS Names

Select the valid default SAS names.

? data5mon
? data5mon
? 5monthsdata
? data5
? five months data
...
75
Valid SAS Names

Select the valid default SAS names.

? data5mon
? data5mon
? 5monthsdata
? data5
? five months data
...
76
Valid SAS Names

Select the valid default SAS names.

? data5mon
? data5mon
? 5monthsdata
? data5
? five months data
? fivemonthsdata
...
77
Valid SAS Names

Select the valid default SAS names.

? data5mon
? data5mon
? 5monthsdata
? data5
? five months data
? fivemonthsdata
...
78
Valid SAS Names

Select the valid default SAS names.

? data5mon
? data5mon
? 5monthsdata
? data5
? five months data
? fivemonthsdata
? FiveMonthsData
...
79
Valid SAS Names

Select the valid default SAS names.

? data5mon
? data5mon
? 5monthsdata
? data5
? five months data
? fivemonthsdata
? FiveMonthsData
80
Exercise

This exercise reinforces the concepts discussed
previously.

81
Exercises

Create your own SAS name.
Create a data set name for containing the names
and birth dates of your family members for three
generations.
Create a variable name for the column containing
the name of the generation to which an individual
belonged.

82
Dates in SAS

An important concept with data is dates.
You might need to do calculations on dates.
How old is a person or how much time passed
between two dates?

83
SAS Dates

You have two character dates
01Jan2006
01Apr2006
If you sorted these dates, they would not display
in chronological order, but in alphabetic order.
01Apr2006
01Jan2006
Dates stored as numbers enable calculations and
proper sorting.

84
SAS Date Values

SAS stores date values as numeric values.
A SAS date value is stored as the number of days
between January 1, 1960, and a specific date.

85
Missing Data Values
A value must exist for every variable for each
observation. Missing values are valid values.
LastName FirstName JobTitle
Salary TORRES JAN Pilot
50000 LANGKAMM SARAH Mechanic
80000 SMITH MICHAEL Mechanic .
WAGSCHAL NADJA Pilot
77500 TOERMOEN JOCHEN 65000
A numericmissing valueis displayedas a period.
A character missing value is displayed as a blank.
86
Browsing the Data Portion

The PRINT procedure displays the data portion of
a SAS data set.
By default, PROC PRINT displays the following
all observations
all variables
an OBS column on the left side

87
Browsing the Data Portion

General form of the PRINT procedure
Example

PROC PRINT DATASAS-data-set RUN
proc print datawork.staffrun
88
PROC PRINT Output
The SAS System
First Obs LastName
Name JobTitle Salary 1
TORRES JAN Pilot 50000
2 LANGKAMM SARAH Mechanic
80000 3 SMITH MICHAEL
Mechanic 40000 4 LEISTNER
COLIN Mechanic 36000 5 WADE
KIRSTEN Pilot 85000 6
TOMAS HARALD Pilot 105000
7 WAUGH TIM Pilot
70000 8 LEHMANN DAGMAR
Mechanic 64000 9 TRETTHAHN
MICHAEL Pilot 100000 10 TIETZ
OTTO Pilot 45000 11
O'DONOGHUE ART Mechanic 52000
12 WALKER THOMAS Pilot
95000 13 NOROVIITA JOACHIM
Mechanic 78000 14 OESTERBERG
ANJA Mechanic 80000 15
LAUFFER CRAIG Mechanic 40000
16 TORR JUGDISH Pilot
45000 17 WAGSCHAL NADJA
Pilot 77500 18 TOERMOEN
JOCHEN Pilot 65000
89
SAS Syntax Rules

SAS statements
usually begin with an identifying keyword
always end with a semicolon.

SAS statements are free-format.
One or more blanks or special characters can be
used to separate words
They can begin and end in any column
A single statement can span multiple lines
Several statements can be on the same line
Unconventional Spacing Example

data work.staff infile 'raw-data-file' input
LastName 1-20 FirstName 21-30 JobTitle
36-43 Salary 54-59 run proc means
datawork.staff class JobTitle var
Salaryrun
91
SAS Syntax Rules

SAS statements are free-format.
One or more blanks or special characters can be
used to separate words
They can begin and end in any column
A single statement can span multiple lines
Several statements can be on the same line
Unconventional Spacing Example

data work.staff infile 'raw-data-file' input
LastName 1-20 FirstName 21-30 JobTitle
36-43 Salary 54-59 run proc means
datawork.staff class JobTitle var
Salaryrun
92
SAS Syntax Rules

SAS statements are free-format.
One or more blanks or special characters can be
used to separate words.
They can begin and end in any column.
A single statement can span multiple lines.
Several statements can be on the same line.
Unconventional Spacing Example

data work.staff infile 'raw-data-file' input
LastName 1-20 FirstName 21-30 JobTitle
36-43 Salary 54-59 run proc means
datawork.staff class JobTitle var
Salaryrun
93
SAS Syntax Rules

SAS statements are free-format.
One or more blanks or special characters can be
used to separate words.
They can begin and end in any column.
A single statement can span multiple lines.
Several statements can be on the same line.
Unconventional Spacing Example

data work.staff infile 'raw-data-file' input
LastName 1-20 FirstName 21-30 JobTitle
36-43 Salary 54-59 run proc means
datawork.staff class JobTitle var
Salaryrun
94
SAS Syntax Rules
...

SAS statements are free-format.
One or more blanks or special characters can be
used to separate words.
They can begin and end in any column.
A single statement can span multiple lines.
Several statements can be on the same line.
Unconventional Spacing Example

data work.staff infile 'raw-data-file' input
LastName 1-20 FirstName 21-30 JobTitle
36-43 Salary 54-59 run proc means
datawork.staff class JobTitle var
Salaryrun
95
SAS Syntax Rules

Indentation and good spacing makes the program
easier to read.
Conventional Spacing Example

You can comment a block of text or code.
Type / to begin a comment.
Type your comment text.
Type / to end the comment.

/ Create work.staff data set / data
work.staff infile 'raw-data-file' input
LastName 1-20 FirstName 21-30
JobTitle 36-43 Salary 54-59 run / Produce
listing report of work.staff / proc print
datawork.staff run
97
SAS Comments

Commenting one statement.
Type an asterisk () at the beginning of the
statement.
Everything that is between the asterisk and the
semicolon is a comment.
? The comments the entire statement, not only
one line. How does SAS recognize the end of
a statement?

data work.staff infile 'raw-data-file'
input LastName 1-20 FirstName 21-30
JobTitle 36-43 Salary 54-59 run
98
Shortcut to Comments

Highlight what you want to comment.
Hold down the CTRL and / buttons.
To Undo Highlight and hold down the CTRL, SHIFT,
and / buttons.

99
Exercise Section 2.3

This exercise reinforces the concepts discussed
previously.

100
Section 2.4

Diagnosing and Correcting Syntax Errors

101
Objectives

Identify SAS syntax errors.
Debug and edit a program with errors.
Resubmit the corrected program.
Save the corrected program.

102
SAS Vocabulary

Syntax Errors
Options
RECALL

103
Syntax Errors

Syntax errors include the following
misspelled keywords
missing or invalid punctuation
invalid options

daat work.staff infile emplist.dat
input LastName 1-20 FirstName 21-30
JobTitle 36-43 Salary 54-59 run proc print
datawork.staff run proc means datawork.staff
average max class JobTitle var
Salary run
Average is not a valid option.
104
Syntax Errors

Procedure Options
Options tell SAS that you want the procedure to
be processed differently than its default
behavior.
In this example, you want only two statistics
displayed average and max.
Average is not a valid option for PROC MEANS.

proc means datawork.staff average max class
JobTitle var Salary run
105
Syntax Errors

When SAS encounters a syntax error, SAS
underlines where SAS thinks things went wrong.
The following information is written to the SAS
log
the word ERROR or WARNING
the location of the error
an explanation of the error

106
Demonstration Debugging a SAS Program

This demonstration illustrates these tasks
how to submit a SAS program that contains errors
diagnosing the errors
correcting the errors
saving the corrected program

107
Demonstration Debugging a SAS Program
In this demonstration, you open a program that
has errors and submit it. Find the errors and
correct them. Programs to open
c02s4d1.sas c02s4d2.sas
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Demonstration Debugging a SAS Program

Start with the program
c02s4d1.sas

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Demonstration Debugging a SAS Program
daat work.staff infile 'emplist.dat'
input LastName 1-20 FirstName 21-30
JobTitle 36-43 Salary 54-59 run proc print
datawork.staff run proc means datawork.staff
average max class JobTitle var
Salary run
Submit a SAS Program with Errors
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Demonstration Debugging a SAS Program
The SAS log contains error messages and warnings.
1 daat work.staff ---- 14 WARNING
14-169 Assuming the symbol DATA was misspelled
as daat. 2 infile emplist.dat' 3
input LastName 1-20 FirstName 21-30 4
JobTitle 36-43 Salary 54-59 5
run NOTE The infile emplist.dat' is
File Nameemplist.dat',
RECFMV,LRECL256 NOTE 18 records were read
from the infile emplist.dat'. The minimum
record length was 59. The maximum record
length was 59. NOTE The data set WORK.STAFF has
18 observations and 4 variables.
Part 1 of 4
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Demonstration Debugging a SAS Program
The SAS log contains error messages and warnings.
6 7 proc print datawork.staff 8 run
--- 22 - 200 ERROR 22-322
Syntax error, expecting one of the following ,
(, DATA, DOUBLE, HEADING, LABEL, N,
NOOBS, OBS, ROUND, ROWS, SPLIT,
STYLE, UNIFORM, WIDTH. ERROR 200-322 The symbol
is not recognized and will be ignored. 9 NOTE
The SAS System stopped processing this step
because of errors. NOTE PROCEDURE PRINT
used (Total process time) real time
0.06 seconds cpu time 0.06
seconds
Part 2 of 4
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Demonstration Debugging a SAS Program
The SAS log contains error messages and warnings.
10 proc means datawork.staff average max
------- ---
22 202 ERROR 22-322
Syntax error, expecting one of the following ,
(, ALPHA, CHARTYPE, CLASSDATA, CLM,
COMPLETETYPES, CSS, CV, DATA,
DESCEND, DESCENDING, DESCENDTYPES,
EXCLNPWGT, EXCLNPWGTS, EXCLUSIVE,
FW, IDMIN, KURTOSIS, LCLM, MAX,
MAXDEC, MEAN, MEDIAN, MIN, MISSING, N, NDEC,
NMISS, NONOBS, NOPRINT, NOTHREADS,
NOTRAP, NWAY, ORDER, P1, P10, P25,
P5, P50, P75, P90, P95, P99,
PCTLDEF, PRINT, PRINTALL, PRINTALLTYPES,
PRINTIDS, PRINTIDVARS, PROBT, Q1,
Q3, QMARKERS, QMETHOD, QNTLDEF,
QRANGE, RANGE, SKEWNESS, STDDEV,
STDERR, SUM, SUMSIZE, SUMWGT, T, THREADS, UCLM,
USS, VAR, VARDEF. ERROR 202-322 The
option or parameter is not recognized and
will be ignored. 11 class
JobTitle 12 var Salary 13 run
Part 3 of 4
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Demonstration Debugging a SAS Program
The SAS log contains error messages and warnings.
NOTE The SAS System stopped processing this
step because of errors. NOTE PROCEDURE
MEANS used (Total process time) real time
0.05 seconds cpu time
0.05 seconds
Part 4 of 4
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Demonstration Debugging a SAS Program

The log indicates that SAS
assumed that the keyword DATA was misspelled and
executed the DATA step
interpreted the word RUN as an option in the PROC
PRINT statement (because there was a missing
semicolon), so PROC PRINT was not executed
did not recognize the word AVERAGE as a valid
option in the PROC MEANS statement, so the PROC
MEANS step was not executed.

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Demonstration Debugging a SAS Program

If you use the Enhanced Editor, the program
remains in the Editor window.
However, if you use the Editor window, the code
disappears with each submit.
Use the RECALL command or select Run ? Recall
Last Submit to recall the program that you
submitted back to the Editor window. The original
program is moved into the Editor window.

continued...
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Demonstration Debugging a SAS Program

Edit the program.
Correct the spelling of DATA.
Put a semicolon at the end of the PROC PRINT
statement.
Change the word AVERAGE to MEAN in the PROC MEANS
statement.
Submit the program.
The program runs successfully without errors and
generates output.

continued...
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Demonstration Debugging a SAS Program
data work.staff infile 'emplist.dat'
input LastName 1-20 FirstName 21-30
JobTitle 36-43 Salary 54-59 run proc print
datawork.staff run proc means datawork.staff
mean max class JobTitle var Salary run
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Demonstration Submitting Part of the Code

You do not always have to submit the entire
program. You can submit part of a program. For
example, perhaps you only want to submit the PROC
PRINT step.
Highlight the part of your program that you want
to run.
Submit the program by selecting Run ? Submit or
clicking on the Submit button.
Only the highlighted code is executed.

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Demonstration Submitting Part of the Code

What happens if you do not highlight the entire
step?
Submit only the PROC PRINT statement.
What happens?
The Output window becomes active.
The log has no notes.
The PROC PRINT running message is displayed in
the Editor window title bar (blue bar).

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Demonstration Submitting Part of the Code

Why is SAS telling you that PROC PRINT is still
running?
Did you get output in the Output window?
Are there any messages in the Log?

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Demonstration Solution

How does SAS determine the end of the step?
Was the end of the step submitted to SAS?
No, SAS is still waiting. After SAS gets a step
boundary, SAS can finish executing the step.

122
Demonstration Solution

Highlight the RUN statement and submit only that
statement.
This enables you to see the output once. If you
submit the entire procedure, you see the output
twice.

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Demonstration Debugging a SAS Program

Open the second program
c02s4d2.sas

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Another Example

Do you notice anything odd with this program?

data work.staff infile 'emplist.dat input
LastName 1-20 FirstName 21-30
JobTitle 36-43 Salary 54-59 run proc print
datawork.staff run proc means datawork.staff
mean max class JobTitle var Salary run
125
Using Quotation Marks in SAS

Rules for using quotation marks are as follows
You can use single or double quotation marks.
Quotation marks must be in pairs. " " or
' '
Quotation marks must match.
" '
Typically, it does not matter if you use double
or single quotation marks, as long as they match.

126
Unbalanced Quotation Marks

The closing quotation marks for the INFILE
statement is missing.

data work.staff infile 'c\sas\data\emplist.da
t input LastName 1-20 FirstName 21-30
JobTitle 36-43 Salary 54-59 run proc
print datawork.staff run proc means
datawork.staff average max class JobTitle
var Salary run
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Unbalanced Quotation Marks

Submit the program and browse the SAS log.
There are no notes in the SAS log because all of
the SAS statements after the INFILE statement
became part of the quoted string.
The banner on the window indicates that the DATA
step is still running because the RUN statement
was not recognized.

128
Fixing Quotation Errors

Simply adding the needed quotation mark and
submitting the code will not work.
Why?
' The first two quotation marks are considered a
matched pair.
' ' By adding the new quotation mark, you
still have an unmatched quotation mark.
SAS continues to look for a match.

129
Fixing Quotation Errors

Because you know that the problem is unmatched
quotation marks, you want SAS to stop processing
so that you can fix the error.
How?
There are two ways to fix the quotation marks
1. Programmatically
2. Point and click

130
Programmatically

You want SAS to stop processing because the code
did not execute properly.
You will add some code to stop the SAS process
and then delete that code.

131
Programmatically

What is SAS waiting for?
SAS expects a single quotation mark followed by a
semicolon.
You need to end the step with the RUN statement.
' run

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Programmatically

' run
What if you forgot to submit a RUN statement?
You added an unbalanced quotation mark.
Make the first part a comment.
' run

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Programmatically

" run
What if you used a double quotation mark instead
of single quotation mark in the program?
Does this solve the problem?

134
Programmatically

' run
What if you used a double quotation mark instead
of single quotation mark in the program? Does
this solve that?
No, you need to account for both single and
double quotation marks.
' " run

135
Programmatically

Submit the following
' " run
If the quotation mark counter within SAS has an
uneven number of quotation marks, SAS reads the
quotation in the comment above as the matching
quotation mark.
SAS then has an even number of quotation marks in
the quotation mark counter and runs successfully,
assuming no other errors occur.
Either double or single quotation marks can be
used.

136
Point-and-Click

To correct the problem, click the Break icon
or press the CTRL and BREAK keys.
2. Select Cancel Submitted Statements in the
Tasking Manager window and select OK.

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Point-and-Click

Select Y to cancel submitted statements ? OK.

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Fixing the Program

Select the Editor window to make it active.
Add a closing quotation mark to the file
reference in the INFILE statement.
Resubmit the program.

139
Resubmitting the Program
27 data work.staff 28 infile
'raw-data-file' 29 input LastName 1-20
FirstName 21-30 30 JobTitle 36-43
Salary 54-59 31 run NOTE 18 records were
read from the infile 'raw-data-file'. The
minimum record length was 59. The maximum
record length was 59. NOTE The data set
WORK.STAFF has 18 observations and 4
variables. 32 33 proc print datawork.staff 34
run NOTE There were 18 observations read
from the dataset WORK.STAFF. 35 36 proc means
datawork.staff mean max 37 class
JobTitle 38 var Salary 39 run NOTE
There were 18 observations read from the dataset
WORK.STAFF.
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Saving a SAS Program

There are two methods to save a SAS program
Menu-drivenSelect File ? Save. Select File ?
Save As.
Toolbar Shortcut
Save button
? If changes were made to the program since it
was last saved, SAS will put an asterisk on
the blue title bar of the Editor window. This
indicates that you need to save the program.

141
What Happens If

you forgot to save a program and need to get
the code back?
If you did not close the SAS session, you can
recall your code.
When you submit your code, SAS puts the text into
a buffer. Code is added to this buffer every time
that you submit.

142
What If You Need to Get the Code Back?

This buffer is similar to a stack of plates in
the cafeteria.
When you submit your code, SAS puts the text
into a buffer.
Code is added to this buffer every time that you
submit code.
The last code block that is added to the buffer
is the first code block available to remove (as
withthat stack of plates).

LIFO
Last In First Out
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What If You Need to Get the Code Back?

Use one of these methods
Select Run ? Recall Last Submit.
Submit the RECALL command.
Repeat this until you see the desired code in
your Editor window.
SAS puts the new entries at the top of the
editor window.

144
Recall a Submitted Program

Program statements accumulate in a recall buffer
each time that you issue a SUBMIT command.

daat work.staff infile 'raw-data-file'
input LastName 1-20 FirstName 21-30
JobTitle 36-43 Salary 54-59 run proc print
datawork.staff run proc means datawork.staff
average max class JobTitle var
Salary run data work.staff infile
'raw-data-file' input LastName 1-20
FirstName 21-30 JobTitle 36-43
Salary 54-59 run proc print datawork.staff
run proc means datawork.staff mean max
class Jobtitle var Salary run
Submit Number 1
Submit Number 2
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Recall a Submitted Program