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The Enlightened Monarchs

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The Enlightened Monarchs Prussia Frederick the Great Austria Maria Theresa Joseph II Russia .Catherine the Great * * * * * * * The Enlightened Despots ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The Enlightened Monarchs


1
The Enlightened Monarchs
  • PrussiaFrederick the Great
  • AustriaMaria Theresa
  • Joseph II
  • Russia.Catherine the Great

2
The Enlightened Despots / Absolutists
  • Philosophes dont agree on politics
  • Many thinkers concerned with political reform and
    some politicians concerned with thinking
  • Most Enlightened (outside US) think reform
    better from above than below
  • Praise benevolent absolutism
  • Enlighten the monarch!

3
Elbe-Trieste Line
4
Prussia Frederick (II) the Great 1740-1786
  • Son of Frederick William I
  • Rejects military for culture, poetry Rejects
    Calvinism --- tries atheism
  • Imprisoned at 18 for trying to run away
  • So.maybe life as a leader isnt so bad
  • 1740 invades Austria (War of Austrian Succession
    breaks Austrias Pragmatic Sanction!)
  • Maria Theresa no match for Prussian army

5
Prussia Frederick the Great Warfare recap
  • War of Austrian Succession 1740-1748 others
    join European War
  • 1742 Austria cedes Silesia to Prussia
  • Prussian population doubles
  • ButMT wont give up so easily
  • 1756-1763 Seven Years War
  • MT allies with France / Russia vs. Prussia!
  • Great Prussian army survives
  • Peter III (Russia) gains throne and stops war b/c
    he admires Frederick!!
  • 1772 1st Partition of Poland receives territory
    between Prussia and Brandenburg - partitioning
    continues in 1793, 1795

6
Prussia Frederick the Great Enlightened???
  • Of all states, from the smallest to the biggest,
    one can safely say that the fundamental rule of
    government is the principle of extending their
    territoriesThe passions of rulers have no other
    curb but the limits of their power. Those are
    the fixed laws of European politics to which
    every politician submits.
  • I must enlighten my people, cultivate their
    manners and morals, and make them as happy as
    human beings can be

7
Prussia Frederick the Great
  • The first servant of the state
  • Promotes education
  • (Realschule/universal primary schools)) /
    Promotes free press very little / no
    censorship!!
  • Legal Reform
  • Abolishes torture (except for treason murder)
    Judges impartial (single code of law established
    after his death)
  • Officials noted for honesty / hard work /
    efficiency
  • Prussian Civil Service Commission values merit
    over birthright
  • Religious toleration (even for Catholics and
    Jews)
  • Reconstruction of agriculture / industry
  • But.then againserfdom continues, privileges of
    nobility / Junkers still strong

8
Austria Maria Theresa(b. 1717) 1740-1780
  • Charlie VIs daughter Pragmatic Sanction
  • MTs husband Francis Stephen I of Lorraine
    (1745-1765) Holy Roman Emperor
  • Son, Joseph II (1765-1790) co-regent with mother
    in Austria
  • But MT The Power over 40 years
  • (16 children culture, morals, prayer)
  • Joseph II, Leopold II, and Marie Antoinette!
  • Motto Clemency and justice

9
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10
Austria Maria Theresa, 1740-1780
  • 1740 --- Austria is immediately invaded
  • War of Austrian Succession 1740-48
  • Loss of Silesia
  • Reforms
  • Church / State relations govt. controlled
  • Devout Catholic BUT limits Popes power in
    Austria
  • Administrative reforms tax all (even nobles!)
  • Improve agriculture reduce lords / begins to
    free serfs!!! (but she proceeds cautiously)
  • Compulsory education!
  • state supported public primary education for all
    male peasants, secondary education for selected
    students, and teacher training institutions
  • 1756-1763 --- 7 Years War no win

11
Austria Maria Theresa, 1740-1780
  • Finally, Prussia Austria unite with Russia
    against POLAND!!! (1770)
  • 3 Partitions of Poland 1772, 1793, 1795
  • MT supports this????
  • violation of every standard of sanctity and
    justice
  • But will be done, with or without herso she
    joins
  • Poland disappears by 1795!!! (Poland gone until
    WWI!!!)

12
Austria Joseph II 1780-1790
  • 1765--- co-regent with MT
  • 1780 MT dies leaves Joseph II a powerful
    empire
  • classic enlightenment utilitarianism
  • the greatest good for the greatest number
  • institutes freedom of the press!
  • Butimpatient radical, anticlerical
  • Josephinism state vs. Church / nobility
    Church ind. from Rome (modeled after Gallicanism)
  • Edict of Tolerance, 1781
  • reformed legal system more uniform laws easier
    for peasants to own land
  • 1781 grants personal liberty to serfs
  • Military reorganized and laid foundation for
    national army
  • Economic reforms
  • abolished many internal tariffs encouraged road
    building improved river transport inspected
    farms industrial areas 1789 taxation of ALL
    properties

13
Leopold II (1790-1792)
  • Grand duke of Tuscany (1765-1790) Holy Roman
    Emperor (1790-92) enlightened ruler
  • Repealed Josephs taxation laws gave nobility
    back political and administrative power
  • Retained Josephs religious policies, and concern
    for peasant class
  • Reached peace agreements with Prussia (1790) and
    Ottoman Empire (1791)
  • Issued Declaration of Pillnitz, 1791 along w/
    Prussia against the republican revolutionaries in
    France

14
RUSSIA Remember Peter the Great (1682-1725) ---
who loved England and opened up Russia to
Westernization --- who made all men shave and
wear German clothes when he returned from
England?
  • Then there were the others
  • Catherine I1725-27 (Peters 2nd wife he sent
    the 1st to a convent)
  • Peter II 1727-30 (grandson of Peter)
  • Anna 1730-40 (dominated by advisors)
  • Ivan VI 1740-41 (overthrown)
  • Elizabeth 1741-62 (youngest daughter of Peter
    the Great golden age of aristocracy)
  • Peter III 1762 (mentally unfit deposed and
    killed-- -by his wife???)
  • But finallyan enlightened monarch
    appearshis wife

15
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16
Catherine II the Great??1762-1796
  • Sophia Augusta Fredericka a German princess
  • Did she kill Peter??????
  • Unlike PG love for West not merely pragmatic
  • An enlightened despot cultured, learned
    Russian, corresponded w/ Voltaire and Diderot
  • The philosophes loved her! BUT was she
    hoodwinking them?
  • Art, architecture, literature, music, education
  • Like PG strong ambitious rebuilt roads and
    schools aggressive foreign policy of expansion
  • War with Ottomans, 1769 1771, access to Danube
    river and Crimea 1774 Treaty of
    Kuchuk-Kainardji, 1783 annexation of Crimea
    Warm Water PORT on BALTIC!!
  • Partitioning of Poland, 1772, 1793, 1795

17
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18
But then what happens???
  • Legislative Commission (summer 1767)
    consultation
  • Catherine realizes Enlightenment philosophy not
    practical especially in Russia!
  • peasant class completely bound/unfree class
  • Pugachevs Rebellion 1773 peasant (Cossack)
    insurrection Pugachev claims to be Tsar
    declares peasants freed from military and tax
    obligations, comes with 100,000 men, rebellion
    over by 1774
  • 1775 made convenient friends with her nobles
  • Charter of Nobility, 1785 gentry accepts
    government and government gives full authority
    over rural masses to gentry
  • Economic reform limit internal tariffs expand
    urban middle class increase agricultural exports

19
Limitations of Enlightened Despotism
  • authoritative action from above
  • state more completely sovereign
  • old, established systems and rights questioned
  • BUT...
  • Joseph II incites revolt
  • Catherine the Great Frederick still repress the
    masses
  • Frederick abandons religion personally
  • Helps to trigger growing religious revival
  • Aristocratic resurgence in all 3 countries
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