Title: The Enlightened Monarchs
1The Enlightened Monarchs
- PrussiaFrederick the Great
- AustriaMaria Theresa
- Joseph II
- Russia.Catherine the Great
2The Enlightened Despots / Absolutists
- Philosophes dont agree on politics
- Many thinkers concerned with political reform and
some politicians concerned with thinking - Most Enlightened (outside US) think reform
better from above than below - Praise benevolent absolutism
- Enlighten the monarch!
3 Elbe-Trieste Line
4Prussia Frederick (II) the Great 1740-1786
- Son of Frederick William I
- Rejects military for culture, poetry Rejects
Calvinism --- tries atheism - Imprisoned at 18 for trying to run away
- So.maybe life as a leader isnt so bad
- 1740 invades Austria (War of Austrian Succession
breaks Austrias Pragmatic Sanction!) - Maria Theresa no match for Prussian army
5Prussia Frederick the Great Warfare recap
- War of Austrian Succession 1740-1748 others
join European War - 1742 Austria cedes Silesia to Prussia
- Prussian population doubles
- ButMT wont give up so easily
- 1756-1763 Seven Years War
- MT allies with France / Russia vs. Prussia!
- Great Prussian army survives
- Peter III (Russia) gains throne and stops war b/c
he admires Frederick!! - 1772 1st Partition of Poland receives territory
between Prussia and Brandenburg - partitioning
continues in 1793, 1795
6Prussia Frederick the Great Enlightened???
- Of all states, from the smallest to the biggest,
one can safely say that the fundamental rule of
government is the principle of extending their
territoriesThe passions of rulers have no other
curb but the limits of their power. Those are
the fixed laws of European politics to which
every politician submits. - I must enlighten my people, cultivate their
manners and morals, and make them as happy as
human beings can be
7Prussia Frederick the Great
- The first servant of the state
- Promotes education
- (Realschule/universal primary schools)) /
Promotes free press very little / no
censorship!! - Legal Reform
- Abolishes torture (except for treason murder)
Judges impartial (single code of law established
after his death) - Officials noted for honesty / hard work /
efficiency - Prussian Civil Service Commission values merit
over birthright - Religious toleration (even for Catholics and
Jews) - Reconstruction of agriculture / industry
- But.then againserfdom continues, privileges of
nobility / Junkers still strong
8Austria Maria Theresa(b. 1717) 1740-1780
- Charlie VIs daughter Pragmatic Sanction
- MTs husband Francis Stephen I of Lorraine
(1745-1765) Holy Roman Emperor - Son, Joseph II (1765-1790) co-regent with mother
in Austria - But MT The Power over 40 years
- (16 children culture, morals, prayer)
- Joseph II, Leopold II, and Marie Antoinette!
- Motto Clemency and justice
9(No Transcript)
10Austria Maria Theresa, 1740-1780
- 1740 --- Austria is immediately invaded
- War of Austrian Succession 1740-48
- Loss of Silesia
- Reforms
- Church / State relations govt. controlled
- Devout Catholic BUT limits Popes power in
Austria - Administrative reforms tax all (even nobles!)
- Improve agriculture reduce lords / begins to
free serfs!!! (but she proceeds cautiously) - Compulsory education!
- state supported public primary education for all
male peasants, secondary education for selected
students, and teacher training institutions - 1756-1763 --- 7 Years War no win
11Austria Maria Theresa, 1740-1780
- Finally, Prussia Austria unite with Russia
against POLAND!!! (1770) - 3 Partitions of Poland 1772, 1793, 1795
- MT supports this????
- violation of every standard of sanctity and
justice - But will be done, with or without herso she
joins - Poland disappears by 1795!!! (Poland gone until
WWI!!!)
12Austria Joseph II 1780-1790
- 1765--- co-regent with MT
- 1780 MT dies leaves Joseph II a powerful
empire - classic enlightenment utilitarianism
- the greatest good for the greatest number
- institutes freedom of the press!
- Butimpatient radical, anticlerical
- Josephinism state vs. Church / nobility
Church ind. from Rome (modeled after Gallicanism) - Edict of Tolerance, 1781
- reformed legal system more uniform laws easier
for peasants to own land - 1781 grants personal liberty to serfs
- Military reorganized and laid foundation for
national army - Economic reforms
- abolished many internal tariffs encouraged road
building improved river transport inspected
farms industrial areas 1789 taxation of ALL
properties
13Leopold II (1790-1792)
- Grand duke of Tuscany (1765-1790) Holy Roman
Emperor (1790-92) enlightened ruler - Repealed Josephs taxation laws gave nobility
back political and administrative power - Retained Josephs religious policies, and concern
for peasant class - Reached peace agreements with Prussia (1790) and
Ottoman Empire (1791) - Issued Declaration of Pillnitz, 1791 along w/
Prussia against the republican revolutionaries in
France
14RUSSIA Remember Peter the Great (1682-1725) ---
who loved England and opened up Russia to
Westernization --- who made all men shave and
wear German clothes when he returned from
England?
- Then there were the others
- Catherine I1725-27 (Peters 2nd wife he sent
the 1st to a convent) - Peter II 1727-30 (grandson of Peter)
- Anna 1730-40 (dominated by advisors)
- Ivan VI 1740-41 (overthrown)
- Elizabeth 1741-62 (youngest daughter of Peter
the Great golden age of aristocracy) - Peter III 1762 (mentally unfit deposed and
killed-- -by his wife???) - But finallyan enlightened monarch
appearshis wife
15(No Transcript)
16Catherine II the Great??1762-1796
- Sophia Augusta Fredericka a German princess
- Did she kill Peter??????
- Unlike PG love for West not merely pragmatic
- An enlightened despot cultured, learned
Russian, corresponded w/ Voltaire and Diderot - The philosophes loved her! BUT was she
hoodwinking them? - Art, architecture, literature, music, education
- Like PG strong ambitious rebuilt roads and
schools aggressive foreign policy of expansion - War with Ottomans, 1769 1771, access to Danube
river and Crimea 1774 Treaty of
Kuchuk-Kainardji, 1783 annexation of Crimea
Warm Water PORT on BALTIC!! - Partitioning of Poland, 1772, 1793, 1795
17(No Transcript)
18But then what happens???
- Legislative Commission (summer 1767)
consultation - Catherine realizes Enlightenment philosophy not
practical especially in Russia! - peasant class completely bound/unfree class
- Pugachevs Rebellion 1773 peasant (Cossack)
insurrection Pugachev claims to be Tsar
declares peasants freed from military and tax
obligations, comes with 100,000 men, rebellion
over by 1774 - 1775 made convenient friends with her nobles
- Charter of Nobility, 1785 gentry accepts
government and government gives full authority
over rural masses to gentry - Economic reform limit internal tariffs expand
urban middle class increase agricultural exports -
19Limitations of Enlightened Despotism
- authoritative action from above
- state more completely sovereign
- old, established systems and rights questioned
- BUT...
- Joseph II incites revolt
- Catherine the Great Frederick still repress the
masses - Frederick abandons religion personally
- Helps to trigger growing religious revival
- Aristocratic resurgence in all 3 countries